5 10 216 https://voicesofignacio.cvlcollections.org/files/original/b02b3dba5655b00897e9077887c65544.pdf efdc11ea59a09b1fa865f340a7e04d96 PDF Text Text 'I 'l 'l 'l '") ~ J J LAURA (Hartley) HILL "Folks in my parent's day always had the idea the grass was greener on the other side of the mountain. That's what brought my father, James Hartley, and his parents out of ) ) ) ) J Tennessee and what brought my mother, Sally Teter and her family out of Missouri. Both families arrived at Flora Vista, New Mexico, about the same time. When mother and dad married, my mother already had three daughters from a previous marriage. . Her first husband had died. My half-sisters were Belle, Dora and Hazel. The year before my parent's marriage, dad had taken a ranch on the La Plata River northwest of Farmington, N.M. That's where I and my little brother Teddy, were born. Dad called his place "The Greenhorn Ranch" because he said all the settlers in that part of the valley, including himself, were greenhorns." ) ') ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) _) j j ..J "We had dry land about two and a half miles east of the river. The men decided to build an irrigation ditch. The contour of the land required a ditch 7 miles long which the men dug by hand with picks and-shovels. With no one to survey it, they had to eyeball and estimate the grade the best they could. They had problems with it, but it worked when they had enough water. While we were there, Teddy died of the whooping cough when he was only two years old.'' "Dad raised corn and alfalfa and a big garden. Mother canned all the food she could. I suppose we would have starved without the garden. I learned to milk the cow and feed the pigs and chickens. It was fun to milk. When I first learned, I took a 5 pound lard can, milked it full and thought I had done enough. Mother soon explained, if I started, I had to finish or I would ru in the cow. My folks were very poor, but that wasn't unusual. There were many poor people then. We drove a team and wagon to Farmington, which was about 3 blocks long or to Aztec, the county seat, which wasn't much bigger. When dad finally could buy a buggy, we thought we had something. We were so thrilled." ..At Christmas time my parents didn't have much money to spend, but I always got at least one nice toy and something to wear. You could buy a beautiful doll for a dollar. I attended the Williams School until the 10th grade. My dad served as school director with Joe Glaister and John Smith for years and years. He helped raise the money to buy materials and build the school. Frequently, we had dances to earn money for school expenses. The old school is still there. It's now used as a fire station for the community." ._) ..J ..J J J J "In 1911 every bridge was washed off the La Plata River. One or two persons drowned . Somebody a few years ago built a house close to the mouth of the river near Farmington. I don't wish them any harm, but someday that house is going to be washed away." ..._) "World War I came and went while we were still on the farm. We didn't know a lot about the time he came home from the war except what we read in the Aztec paper. It seemed very far away. I met William Hill about the time he came home from the war. He had a farm on the La Plata about 10 miles north of dad's place. We were married in July of 1926. I had one daughter, Frances, from an earlier marriage. Frances learned to love William and he loved her. We farmed the place on the La Plata and did well. Both of us loved to go. I'm still a gadfly. We traveled every year to Arizona, or California or Oregon. ..._) 83 ..._) J ..._) ..._) ..._) �We saw all the sights. William liked to gamble. Sometimes we would stop at Reno. He got good at those games. If he started to lose, he'd walk away for a day or so. If he started to win, he stuck with it and sometimes made a lot of money. Of course ii didn't cost much to travel then. Gas was about 15 cents a gallon. When we were first married, we had a Model T Roadster. We got to Portland, Oregon, just as they were having a gas war. We filled up with 10 cent gas and took off down the street. A little further down the road we saw a place offering 9 cent gas. William said, 'I have a notion to go to the edge of town and dump this and fill up with 9 cent gas,' but he didn't." "William and I had no children of our own, but we had a wonderful life on the farm and on our trips. By 1950 William was not able to work any more. He suffered from emphysema caused by the poison gas he breathed during the war. The next 16 years he was in and out of the veteran's hospital until he died in 1966." "I moved to Ignacio to be near by daughter and son-in-law Frances and Dick Baird, and their children. Three of my grandchildren also live in Ignacio, Janneth King, and her brothers Clifford and Dale. Richard Baird lives in Arizona and Bill is in California." "Things in this country have changed a lot in the last 50 years. When I was a little girl, the road over the hills between the La Plata River and Aztec was hardly a road, but I loved to go on that rough trail then just as I love to go now when travel is easy.' Shelby Smith -- Taken in June of 1979. 84 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Shelby Smith Interviews Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-NC/1.0/?language=en Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1973-1980 Subject The topic of the resource Ignacio; Southwest Colorado Description An account of the resource Collection of biographies, predominantly of residents from the Ignacio Senior Center, based on interviews conducted by Shelby Smith from approximately 1973 to 1980. The abridged interviews were originally published as individual entries in The Thoughtful Years newsletter, published by the Ignacio Senior Center, beginning in 1973. They were later published as a whole in Smith's book: Oral Histories of the Southern Pine River Valley, from which the original scans in this collection have been derived. Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smith, Shelby Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Laura (Hartley) Hill Biography Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1979-06 Subject The topic of the resource Hill, Laura (Hartley); Ignacio, Colorado; Southwest Colorado Description An account of the resource Biography of Laura (Hartley) Hill based on an interview conducted by Shelby Smith. Originally included in the June, 1979 issue of "The Thoughtful Years" newsletter published by the Ignacio Senior Center. Later included in the book "Oral Histories of the Southern Pine River Valley" by Shelby Smith. Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Ignacio, Colorado; Southwest Colorado Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hill, Laura (Hartley) Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2 pages Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/ Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smith, Shelby https://voicesofignacio.cvlcollections.org/files/original/2bdb7781b7b1f606663466f53c8cf06f.pdf 730ef9b4e359a2d8e00eaa9861b3dd2d PDF Text Text 'l "} "} "} "} ~ ' ' '' ) ) } ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) J _) _) ..J ..J J J ..J J ..) ...J J ...J J J J J J EMMET & JESSIE (Stauffer) HOTT "My dad, Robert P. Hott was raised by his grandparents in Paw Paw, West Virginia. His mother died when He was four and his father was killed in a Civil War Battle on his own land. At the age of 12, dad ran away from home and got a job on a cattle ranch in Missouri. From then on ranching was his life. He moved west to Farmington and to the L.C. Ranch in the Blue Mountains west of Monticello. He married Emma Peterson at Moab, Utah, and later came to Pagosa Springs and then to the ranch on Spring Creek." "I was born at Pagosa Springs on December 12, 1910. The physician attending my mother was Dr. Mary Fisher, a highly respected doctor and one of the few lady doctors of that time. My mother and I rode home on the train to Tiffany and then on the sled to the ranch . One of my earliest memories is of riding behind my Dad on his horse to check the cattle. When I was small, Dad owned 5,000 head of cattle, which he placed on his summer range north of Pagosa Springs. Sometimes my mother and I visited my older brother on the summer pasture. The trip took one full day with a horse and buggy. When Dad lost his rights to the summer range at O'Neal Park, he leased another range on the Little Blanco River south and east of Pagosa." "I started to school 1/2 mile north of our home place at Mason School. I guess kids always have to have their fun. Not many days went by without some one putting a skunk under the school house, or a snake in the teacher's desk or some other trick. In 1918 Dad bought a touring car from Mr. Vanbrimmer's Agency in Durango. It was a 6 cylinder Case and a very good car. Later he bought a 7 seater Jeffry. It was fancy with two jump seats in the back. Dad never learned to drive. My older brothers always took the wheel and the one time he tried, he landed in the ditch. They teased him so much, he never tried again. We still used horses and sleds in the winter. The cars were drained and put on blocks until April or May. I started driving when I was 12. Nobody needed a license. If you were big enough to move the car down the road, you could drive. When my brother, Rex, started dealing in used cars in Durango, he found a used Overland for me. It was a stylish car which I enjoyed a lot. There wasn't much time for play. My friends, Sandy Scott and Hershel! La Londe and I played baseball and went to dances when we could, but most of the time our parents kept us busy irrigating, haying, and feeding the cattle. It was hard work, but I loved my life on the ranch." "After 8 years at Mason School, I went to high school 2 years at Tiffany. At the age of 19, I was hired to work in the bank at Ignacio for $8.00 per month. The only other employees were Iva Waite, (Vida Ritter's sister) and Merrill Turner, who at that time was managing the bank for Emmet Wirt. My job was everything from cleanup to posting checks to working at the window." "I met Jessie Stauffer at a fire in Allison. We both attended a dance in Allison one evening when A.O. Young's store caught fire. We began visiting while we watched the fire and that started our friendship. Soon afterwards, Jessie and I began going to dances and to the movies at the Ute Theater in Ignacio and at the Kiva in Durango. We really enjoyed the kind of movies made then. Many of them were musicals with a lot of singing and dancing and a happy theme. We remember one starring Buddy Rogers called 'We'd make a Peach of a Pair'." Jessie was born in Ignacio on December 13, 1914. Her mother, Margaret Leota (Davis) Stauffer, was born in Belmont, Ohio. When her first husband died, she got a job at the 85 �Ute Agency in Ignacio and against the fears and objections of her relatives, moved to the far west. "While working at the Agency," Jessie related, "mother met Jesse Stauffer and they were soon married. Dad owned a barber shop in the block south of the bank. I attended school in Ignacio all 12 years. People must have considered me a tom boy because I liked every king of sport. All the kids played baseball and I was on the girl's basketball team. When I was a child at home, the town was full of young families with children. My playmates were the Andersons, Flints, Morrises, Bryans and the McJunkins. We were never bored. We were always playing kick-the-can or run-sheep-run. None of the streets were paved, but we roller skated on the sidewalks. I tried to learn to ride a bike, but the streets were so rough. Every time I tried I fell and hurt myself or ran into a car or got my pants leg caught in the chain, so I quit. The town had no water system. All water for household use was pumped from wells at the street corners and carried into the homes, but we did have electricity. The lines came down from Bayfield in the 1920's. We were so pleased to have a radio to hear Amos & Andy and all the other good shows on KOA Denver." "Dad often took us on trips. Some of them were all the way to Iowa and Wyoming. Once in our Model T Fond we met a car on Wolf Creek Pass and almost got pushed off the edge. It was really no more than a one lane road in the 20's." "When Emmet and I began dating, he had a yellow 1929 DeSoto convertible with spoke wheels. In the evenings when he left the bank to drive home, he'd open the "cutout", which let the exhaust bypass the muffler, and I could hear his car for 2-3 miles out of town." "The summer after I finished high school, Emmet and I were married on July 10, 1933. We rented the house where Lawrence and Margaret Wiseman later lived for so many years. We stayed in town until Emmet's dad died, then moved out to operate the ranch. We had two children, Margaret, who now lives in Lake Havasu, Arizona, and Bob, who now lives on the ranch with his family. The ranch was a good life for us. We never wanted anything else. Our children enjoyed it and now Bob's children seem to love it as much as we did. The depression was hard, but we always had plenty to eat. We had good neighbors. We especially enjoyed Graves and Ada Kent. Graves was one of my mother's students at the Indian School. She remembered Graves as being small, but strong as an ox. Often she accompanied the Indian baseball teams to their games. It was a rough game at times. She always told the boys, 'If they spike you, you spike 'em back'." Emmet served on the school board in the Tiffany area before the schools were consolidated. He was on the Board of County Commissioners from 1948-1964. He says that job wasn't much fun, but was more fun than it would be now. The Hotts moved back to their home in Ignacio in 1972. Recently Emmet served as mayor of Ignacio for two years. The Hotts love to travel. In recent years they have taken trips to the Caribbean, to Hawaii and last year to Australia, New Zealand and the Fiji Islands. When asked what they want to do now that they are semi-retired and out of politics, they answer, "Travel some more." By Shelby Smith, January, 1980 86 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Shelby Smith Interviews Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-NC/1.0/?language=en Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1973-1980 Subject The topic of the resource Ignacio; Southwest Colorado Description An account of the resource Collection of biographies, predominantly of residents from the Ignacio Senior Center, based on interviews conducted by Shelby Smith from approximately 1973 to 1980. The abridged interviews were originally published as individual entries in The Thoughtful Years newsletter, published by the Ignacio Senior Center, beginning in 1973. They were later published as a whole in Smith's book: Oral Histories of the Southern Pine River Valley, from which the original scans in this collection have been derived. Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smith, Shelby Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Emmet Hott and Jessie (Stauffer) Hott Biography Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1980-01 Subject The topic of the resource Hott, Emmet; Hott, Jessie (Stauffer); Ignacio, Colorado; Southwest Colorado Description An account of the resource Biography of Emmet Hott and Jessie (Stauffer) Hott based on an interview conducted by Shelby Smith. Originally included in the January, 1980 issue of "The Thoughtful Years" newsletter published by the Ignacio Senior Center. Later included in the book "Oral Histories of the Southern Pine River Valley" by Shelby Smith. Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Ignacio, Colorado; Southwest Colorado Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hott, Emmet; Hott, Jessie (Stauffer) Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2 pages Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/ Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smith, Shelby https://voicesofignacio.cvlcollections.org/files/original/bd414922eb990ea7a7440774a4b3cbaa.pdf 1d61978f0f75757ec5fc945d285014a1 PDF Text Text CHARLOTTE M. (GORMAN) JONES 'l 'l J J Charlotte Gorman was born in Chicago, the daughter of William and Frances Gorman, both of whom were Canadian immigrants born near Toronto, Ontario. When William and Frances met in Chicago in 1900, William worked for the Chicago Street Railroad Co, which operated horse-drawn street cars all over the Chicago metro area. Women were supposedly unliberated in 1900, but Frances played golf often and well. Both she and William were interested in the theater. Years later Charlotte says she recalls hearing them talkins about the Berrymores and the- Drews and other famous acting families of that period. Most recreation in Chicago during the summer centered around Lake Michigan. ") ' , ) ) -) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) J _) .J -' J J J .J J . "In the summer my mother and her brothers and sisters usually rented a houseboat on the lake. The boat was moored to a pier off the shore several miles from town. The only access to town was a packet boat which came along once a day. If we wanted to go to town for shopping or to send mail, we raised a flag on the boat as a signal for the packet boat to stop. These vacations were a cool relaxing time of swimming, fishing, sunbathing and rest." Charlotte's memories of Chicago, such as those above, have been reinforced by her parents, since she was only about four years old when the Gormans moved to the Ozarks. Before William retired he began dabbling in the buying and selling of real estate. He moved the family onto one of his plots near Ironton and Burbank, Missouri, about 90 miles south of St. Louis. During the year and a half the Gormans were there, William was the postmaster in Ironton. Then William heard of the Loma Land Development Co. which was opening farming land in the Colorado River Valley west of Grand Junction and Fruita. William and many other easterners invested in farmland there. A Presbyterian Mission was opened at Loma and is still operating, but the farm projects did not do so well. Neither the Gormans nor the other Easterners had heard of alkali land. Most of the farms at Loma proved largely unsuitable for irrigated farming. Therefore, the Gormans moved to Orchard Heights near Fruita. Then began some of the most enjoyable years of Charlotte's life . "Orchard Heights was a beautiful place. We could look right up into the Colorado National Monument from our yard. The orchards, mostly apples, occupied hundreds of acres. Our place was rented from a New York State man who had planted every kind of apple we knew about and many varieties we never knew the names of." Charlotte and her brother, Douglas traveled to school at Fruita 3 miles away in a horsedrawn school bus. The bus consisted of a wagon with seats along the sides and benches for the little ones down the middle. It was roofed and had black oil-cloth curtains which could be closed during bad weather. .J J J J J J .._J .._J "All the young ones in our area played 'hide and go seek' and went swimming during the warm months. During winter we had community parties or went ice skating on the stock ponds." 87 �Fall was a lime of work, a time of apple picking and potato digging and of constructing apple boxes. The growers built their own apple boxes from pre-cut sticks and boards. Charlotte remembers doing her share of nailing. Then the apples were packed, hauled to the Railroad Depot and shipped. Farm children have opportunities for varieties of pets largely unavailable to city kids. Charlotte remembers one pet lamb which became a nuisance in the neighborhood. "He would follow our buggy wherever we went Once he followed us all the way to Loma where he made himself a nuisance in the flower beds. Almost the whole town turned out to make sure he followed us when we left." When Charlotte was about 10 years old, her parents moved lo another place near Fruita where they attended a country school for grades 4-8. William grew potatoes and tomatoes as well as apples there. "While we were there a couple of burros came to live with us. They just showed up. Douglas would try to ride one of them lo school, but he usually didn't make it About halfway there the burro would tum around and head for home and Doug would have to walk all the way to school anyway." Charlotte loved to read and did a lot of writing, too. At the age of 9 she announced that she intended to be a newspaper reporter, "I donl know why I said that, but it must have been a premonition of things lo come." In high school Charlotte especially enjoyed English, dramatics and journalism. She was the editor of the first Fruita High School newspaper. In college Charlotte majored in journalism and would have accepted a job on the Grand Junction newspaper, but the wages were too low. Instead she taught school in Fruita for 4 years. "I first came to the San Juan Basin to visit a college friend who lived in Cortez. I stayed in Durango a while at the Sterling Hotel which was operated by Lawrence Wiseman's mother. Mrs. Wiseman and I became good friends and she took me with her on a visit to Ignacio to see Lawrence and Margaret. It was on this visit that I met my future husband. Fay Jones worked at the sugar beet mill in Brighton during the fall and early winter. During spring and summer he came back lo Ignacio to help his aunt and uncle run the Commercial Hotel which was located on Goddard Avenue where the recent Bill Liesa auto repair shop Is located." The hotel has burned down since then, but in its day Charlotte says it was a very nice place and an interesting place to slay. "All kinds of travelers, including Washington officials here on Tribal business stayed there. The parlor was a place of lively conversation and fun in the evenings. The restaurant served delicious food. A complete Sunday dinner cost forty cents." Inflation operated then too. Charlotte says Louis Morris recalls what a blow it was when the Sunday dinners increased for forty cents to fifty cents per meal. "I stayed there in the hotel several days. They were so short handed that I was offered a job and took it It was there I got acquainted with Fay. We were married in November of 1933. Fay worked in the mill in Brighton till Christmas time. Then we came back to Ignacio." 89 �'! 'l -i '! '! '! ' l ) Steady jobs were almost impossible to find during those depression years, when Fay and Charlotte got a chance to buy the Ignacio Chiefton, they took it. At that time the Chiefton was located in one half of the building now occupied by Rudy's Lounge. The other half of the building was Mr. Stauffer's Barber Shop (Jesse Hott's father). Charlotte was the editor and reporter and Fay was the publisher and advertising manager. It wasn't easy to keep a newspaper alive during the 30's. Many subscriptions were paid in produce rather than with cash. One man paid his with strawberries for years. ) ) The Joneses have three children; Malcolm lives in La Porte, Texas, Jacqueline Rea lives in Denver and Kathleen Rosenberg lives in Oakland, New Jersey. ) ) -) ) ) ) ) } Faye died in 1968. Since then Charlotte has spent quite a bit of time traveling. She has been to Canada twice to visit relatives and, also, on a bus tour of Mexico. No one is surprised that Charlotte can't quit writing. She has written a number of short stories andis currently working on a history of the Presbyterian Church in this area. Every month Mrs. Jones voluntarily supplies most of the news for this newsletter. A healthy interest in life is rewardin~ and invigorating. Charlotte certainly has this. "When I first came to Ignacio, I thought it was a fascinating place with it's variety of cultures and traditions and its beautiful surroundings. I still do." July, 1975 -- Shelby Smith ) ) ) ) ) J ) _) _) J ..) J J J J .J J J J J J J J J 89 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Shelby Smith Interviews Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-NC/1.0/?language=en Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1973-1980 Subject The topic of the resource Ignacio; Southwest Colorado Description An account of the resource Collection of biographies, predominantly of residents from the Ignacio Senior Center, based on interviews conducted by Shelby Smith from approximately 1973 to 1980. The abridged interviews were originally published as individual entries in The Thoughtful Years newsletter, published by the Ignacio Senior Center, beginning in 1973. They were later published as a whole in Smith's book: Oral Histories of the Southern Pine River Valley, from which the original scans in this collection have been derived. Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smith, Shelby Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Charlotte M. (Gorman) Jones Biography Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1975-07 Subject The topic of the resource Jones, Charlotte M. (Gorman); Ignacio, Colorado; Southwest Colorado Description An account of the resource Biography of Charlotte M. (Gorman) Jones based on an interview conducted by Shelby Smith. Originally included in the July, 1975 issue of "The Thoughtful Years" newsletter published by the Ignacio Senior Center. Later included in the book "Oral Histories of the Southern Pine River Valley" by Shelby Smith. Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Ignacio, Colorado; Southwest Colorado Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jones, Charlotte M. (Gorman) Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3 pages Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/ Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smith, Shelby https://voicesofignacio.cvlcollections.org/files/original/c719a7a3fcdc39abe480dc61d04e5464.pdf 1d61978f0f75757ec5fc945d285014a1 PDF Text Text CHARLOTTE M. (GORMAN) JONES 'l 'l J J Charlotte Gorman was born in Chicago, the daughter of William and Frances Gorman, both of whom were Canadian immigrants born near Toronto, Ontario. When William and Frances met in Chicago in 1900, William worked for the Chicago Street Railroad Co, which operated horse-drawn street cars all over the Chicago metro area. Women were supposedly unliberated in 1900, but Frances played golf often and well. Both she and William were interested in the theater. Years later Charlotte says she recalls hearing them talkins about the Berrymores and the- Drews and other famous acting families of that period. Most recreation in Chicago during the summer centered around Lake Michigan. ") ' , ) ) -) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) J _) .J -' J J J .J J . "In the summer my mother and her brothers and sisters usually rented a houseboat on the lake. The boat was moored to a pier off the shore several miles from town. The only access to town was a packet boat which came along once a day. If we wanted to go to town for shopping or to send mail, we raised a flag on the boat as a signal for the packet boat to stop. These vacations were a cool relaxing time of swimming, fishing, sunbathing and rest." Charlotte's memories of Chicago, such as those above, have been reinforced by her parents, since she was only about four years old when the Gormans moved to the Ozarks. Before William retired he began dabbling in the buying and selling of real estate. He moved the family onto one of his plots near Ironton and Burbank, Missouri, about 90 miles south of St. Louis. During the year and a half the Gormans were there, William was the postmaster in Ironton. Then William heard of the Loma Land Development Co. which was opening farming land in the Colorado River Valley west of Grand Junction and Fruita. William and many other easterners invested in farmland there. A Presbyterian Mission was opened at Loma and is still operating, but the farm projects did not do so well. Neither the Gormans nor the other Easterners had heard of alkali land. Most of the farms at Loma proved largely unsuitable for irrigated farming. Therefore, the Gormans moved to Orchard Heights near Fruita. Then began some of the most enjoyable years of Charlotte's life . "Orchard Heights was a beautiful place. We could look right up into the Colorado National Monument from our yard. The orchards, mostly apples, occupied hundreds of acres. Our place was rented from a New York State man who had planted every kind of apple we knew about and many varieties we never knew the names of." Charlotte and her brother, Douglas traveled to school at Fruita 3 miles away in a horsedrawn school bus. The bus consisted of a wagon with seats along the sides and benches for the little ones down the middle. It was roofed and had black oil-cloth curtains which could be closed during bad weather. .J J J J J J .._J .._J "All the young ones in our area played 'hide and go seek' and went swimming during the warm months. During winter we had community parties or went ice skating on the stock ponds." 87 �Fall was a lime of work, a time of apple picking and potato digging and of constructing apple boxes. The growers built their own apple boxes from pre-cut sticks and boards. Charlotte remembers doing her share of nailing. Then the apples were packed, hauled to the Railroad Depot and shipped. Farm children have opportunities for varieties of pets largely unavailable to city kids. Charlotte remembers one pet lamb which became a nuisance in the neighborhood. "He would follow our buggy wherever we went Once he followed us all the way to Loma where he made himself a nuisance in the flower beds. Almost the whole town turned out to make sure he followed us when we left." When Charlotte was about 10 years old, her parents moved lo another place near Fruita where they attended a country school for grades 4-8. William grew potatoes and tomatoes as well as apples there. "While we were there a couple of burros came to live with us. They just showed up. Douglas would try to ride one of them lo school, but he usually didn't make it About halfway there the burro would tum around and head for home and Doug would have to walk all the way to school anyway." Charlotte loved to read and did a lot of writing, too. At the age of 9 she announced that she intended to be a newspaper reporter, "I donl know why I said that, but it must have been a premonition of things lo come." In high school Charlotte especially enjoyed English, dramatics and journalism. She was the editor of the first Fruita High School newspaper. In college Charlotte majored in journalism and would have accepted a job on the Grand Junction newspaper, but the wages were too low. Instead she taught school in Fruita for 4 years. "I first came to the San Juan Basin to visit a college friend who lived in Cortez. I stayed in Durango a while at the Sterling Hotel which was operated by Lawrence Wiseman's mother. Mrs. Wiseman and I became good friends and she took me with her on a visit to Ignacio to see Lawrence and Margaret. It was on this visit that I met my future husband. Fay Jones worked at the sugar beet mill in Brighton during the fall and early winter. During spring and summer he came back lo Ignacio to help his aunt and uncle run the Commercial Hotel which was located on Goddard Avenue where the recent Bill Liesa auto repair shop Is located." The hotel has burned down since then, but in its day Charlotte says it was a very nice place and an interesting place to slay. "All kinds of travelers, including Washington officials here on Tribal business stayed there. The parlor was a place of lively conversation and fun in the evenings. The restaurant served delicious food. A complete Sunday dinner cost forty cents." Inflation operated then too. Charlotte says Louis Morris recalls what a blow it was when the Sunday dinners increased for forty cents to fifty cents per meal. "I stayed there in the hotel several days. They were so short handed that I was offered a job and took it It was there I got acquainted with Fay. We were married in November of 1933. Fay worked in the mill in Brighton till Christmas time. Then we came back to Ignacio." 89 �'! 'l -i '! '! '! ' l ) Steady jobs were almost impossible to find during those depression years, when Fay and Charlotte got a chance to buy the Ignacio Chiefton, they took it. At that time the Chiefton was located in one half of the building now occupied by Rudy's Lounge. The other half of the building was Mr. Stauffer's Barber Shop (Jesse Hott's father). Charlotte was the editor and reporter and Fay was the publisher and advertising manager. It wasn't easy to keep a newspaper alive during the 30's. Many subscriptions were paid in produce rather than with cash. One man paid his with strawberries for years. ) ) The Joneses have three children; Malcolm lives in La Porte, Texas, Jacqueline Rea lives in Denver and Kathleen Rosenberg lives in Oakland, New Jersey. ) ) -) ) ) ) ) } Faye died in 1968. Since then Charlotte has spent quite a bit of time traveling. She has been to Canada twice to visit relatives and, also, on a bus tour of Mexico. No one is surprised that Charlotte can't quit writing. She has written a number of short stories andis currently working on a history of the Presbyterian Church in this area. Every month Mrs. Jones voluntarily supplies most of the news for this newsletter. A healthy interest in life is rewardin~ and invigorating. Charlotte certainly has this. "When I first came to Ignacio, I thought it was a fascinating place with it's variety of cultures and traditions and its beautiful surroundings. I still do." July, 1975 -- Shelby Smith ) ) ) ) ) J ) _) _) J ..) J J J J .J J J J J J J J J 89 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Shelby Smith Interviews Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-NC/1.0/?language=en Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1973-1980 Subject The topic of the resource Ignacio; Southwest Colorado Description An account of the resource Collection of biographies, predominantly of residents from the Ignacio Senior Center, based on interviews conducted by Shelby Smith from approximately 1973 to 1980. The abridged interviews were originally published as individual entries in The Thoughtful Years newsletter, published by the Ignacio Senior Center, beginning in 1973. They were later published as a whole in Smith's book: Oral Histories of the Southern Pine River Valley, from which the original scans in this collection have been derived. Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smith, Shelby Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Francis Jones and Hazel (Hildinger) Jones Biography Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1976-05 Subject The topic of the resource Jones, Francis; Jones, Hazel (Hildinger); Ignacio, Colorado; Southwest Colorado Description An account of the resource Biography of Francis Jones and Hazel (Hildinger) Jones based on an interview conducted by Shelby Smith. Originally included in the May, 1976 issue of "The Thoughtful Years" newsletter published by the Ignacio Senior Center. Later included in the book "Oral Histories of the Southern Pine River Valley" by Shelby Smith. Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Ignacio, Colorado; Southwest Colorado Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jones, Francis; Jones, Hazel (Hildinger) Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2 pages Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/ Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smith, Shelby https://voicesofignacio.cvlcollections.org/files/original/916af43c187df0eaf773b6952c3f636b.pdf 7f3432fb882b67ba845f5c344e8c03c9 PDF Text Text (MARY) ADA (Russell) RABBITT KENT Ada Russell was born in a tepee at Breen, Colorado, in 1893. Her father, John Russell, was a member of the Moache Band of Utes. Her mother, Mary (Ada is not certain of her name), died when Ada was very young. Ada had five brothers and one sister, her identical twin. After their mother died, the family began selling the land at Breen. In the legal transactions the names of the twins were reversed. Ada originally was named Mary, but in the documents was called Ada and Ada was called Mary. Rather than disrupt the legality of the land documents, the family decided to continue calling Mary, Ada, and Ada, Mary. A short time later the original Ada died. So the original Mary, now called Ada, has preserved her sister's name for 84 years. Ada came to the Indian School at Ignacio, which she attended for 2-3 years. On a trip back to Breen, when Ada was about 10, she fell from a horse, striking her head on a rock. Shortly afterward she began to lose her vision. She was sent away to several hospitals during the next 2 years. When she was home, one of the medicine men, a sun-dance chief named Cumada, treated her. She credits him more than the hospitals for bringing a full recovery of her sight. John Russell sold the remainder of his land at Breen and moved to a farm just north of the present cluster homes north of Ignacio. Edna Russell and Sarah Pinnecoose are Ada's half sisters from her dad's 2nd marriage. Ada lived in Dulce for 5 years. She enjoyed the train rides between Lumberton and Breen. In 1911 Ada married Graves Stone Kent. His land was several miles east of Ignacio, where the Kents still live. The Kents raised cattle, chickens and horses. They gathered and dried wild herbs and wild potatoes for winter. The government supplied dried rice and beans. Winters were much worse in those days. Snow would pile halfway up the windows. The winter Isabel was born, Ada says, "You couldn't even see the fencepost." During the early years the mortality rate among all people was high. Many of Ada's relatives died of whooping cough and pneumonia. The Kent children who survived to adulthood are Bonny, Katy Seal, Ida, and Isabel. Four of the others died of the flu in 1918. Some died without names because it was not the custom to give official names to the little ones until they were enrolled in the tribe. Shortly after Ada and Graves were married, they started on a trip to Breen. Before they got far, a man came running up to them carrying a tiny, crying baby which he had found deserted in the woods. Ada could tell the little girl was no more than 1 or 2 days old and starving. She took the baby and began thinking how to feed her. The solution was rather ingenious. They returned home, caught a nanny goat and having no bottle or nipple, washed the teats of the goat and let the baby suckle it. She drank greedily. They took their live milk machine with them in the wagon to Breen and got along just fine. Ada soon figured out the baby was the illegitimate child of one of her grandfather's relatives. She raised little Annie (Ada doesn't tell her last name) until she was old enough to go to boarding school. "I went from the goat to the bottle with my own children," Ada says. "I raised my own, part of my grandchildren and never asked any pay because I love children." 92 �,..., ,..., 'l ~ 'J ,..., "My father and grandparents always taught me never to argue or fight with my husband and not to talk about him behind his back. I did what they said and we were happy. That is why it was so hard to lose him when he died." ) J ) ") ) ) ") Ada remembers how people were never alone with their work in the old days. They helped one another plant, plow and harvest. They traded and shared their food so that no one was without the necessities. Ada conceded that life today, though it is very different, is nice because it is a lot easier. She is very grateful to have lived long enough to see her grandchildren and her greatgrandchildren. J She added, "I've never been in jail and never been drunk in my life." We believe her! Ada has been a responsible, good person all her life, the kind of person who helps build up a community and leaves good memories of themselves. ) By Shelby Smith, Translated by Phoebe Cloud in December, 1977 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) _) J ..J J -.J ,.J ,.J -.J ...) J -.J J J -.J J ...J ..) 93 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Shelby Smith Interviews Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-NC/1.0/?language=en Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1973-1980 Subject The topic of the resource Ignacio; Southwest Colorado Description An account of the resource Collection of biographies, predominantly of residents from the Ignacio Senior Center, based on interviews conducted by Shelby Smith from approximately 1973 to 1980. The abridged interviews were originally published as individual entries in The Thoughtful Years newsletter, published by the Ignacio Senior Center, beginning in 1973. They were later published as a whole in Smith's book: Oral Histories of the Southern Pine River Valley, from which the original scans in this collection have been derived. Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smith, Shelby Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ada Rabbit (Russell) Kent Biography Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1977-12 Subject The topic of the resource Kent, Ada Rabbitt (Russell); Ignacio, Colorado; Southwest Colorado Description An account of the resource Biography of Ada Rabbitt (Russell) Kent based on an interview conducted by Shelby Smith on December, 1977. Included in the book "Oral Histories of the Southern Pine River Valley" by Shelby Smith. Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Ignacio, Colorado; Southwest Colorado Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kent, Ada Rabbitt (Russell) Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2 pages Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/ Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smith, Shelby; Cloud, Phoebe https://voicesofignacio.cvlcollections.org/files/original/b74e1b1f4fde1f62a6f80c6260742410.pdf 8290a7f9dbc592b8e9ffeffc88c3e4c5 PDF Text Text BONNIE and ESSIE (Richards) KENT Essie Burch Richards, the daughter of Sarah Burch and Bob Richards, was born at Bayfield August 5, 1916. "We lived in a little adobe house still standing on the place next to Jack Frost's farm. I don't remember my mother. She died when I was very young, so my grandparents largely raised me. My grandfather, Robert Burch had all kinds of animals, turkeys, sheep, cattle and chickens. The apple trees he planted are still there, but the strawberry patch has died out." Essie started school at the Allen Day School, then went to the Bayfield school for grades 4-7. She finished high school at the Indian School in Albuquerque. "The Albuquerque School was mostly a vocational school to learn farming, home economics, etc. One thing I liked was the military training. We wore uniforms and every morning we had drills. Then on Sundays a lot of people from town came out to watch our dress parades." - Essie was one of six students chosen to be sent to Pennsylvania for special nurses training, but about the time she was ready to go her grandfather needed her help at home. So she never got to go. Essie had, of course, ridden horses all her life. So no one thought it was particularly unusual for her uncle to ask her help to break and train his horses. Essie was doing just that when she met her future husband. Bonnie Kent was hired to help break the horses, also. The two of them took an immediate liking for one another and were married in 1937. Bonnie Kent was born near Ignacio in 1918. His parents were Graves Stone Kent and Ada Rabbit Kent. They had a home near the Oxford Tract. When Bonnie was very small, the house was struck by lightning and everything was lost. Graves continued raising sheep and cattle on the open range until he got a land allotment east of Ignacio where Ada still lives. There were a few automobiles around when Bonnie was a child, but most people still used horses and wagons or buggies. "The best I can remember," Bonnie says, "a new buggy cost $300-$400. A real nice one cost about $500. There were buggy repair shops just like there are auto repair shops today. You could buy new parts or the blacksmiths could rebuild the rims and spokes and other parts that wore out." Work on the farms was hard in those days, but Bonnie and Essie both remember that life with good feeling. "In the haying time we loaded the cut hay on slips (sled-like platforms pulled by a team) and hauled it to the barn. If it was a grain field, we hired a man with a binder to cut and bind the grain into shocks. Then someone brought a thrashing machine to the field. We threw the shocks into the machine and it separated the grain from the straw. The men held cloth sacks under the spout to catch the grain. Others stood by to sew the sacks 94 �closed. Life was better on the farm then. It was hard work, but we enjoyed it. Everybody kept busy and helped one another." , } ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) After they were married, Bonnie and Essie stayed with Bonnie's parents for a while. Bonnie worked at irrigating in the summer. He was a line rider over in the Piedra country and then worked on the farm at the Ignacio Indian School. About 1946 the Kents got a farm east of Ignacio where they built the home in which they still live. Bonnie was elected to the Tribal Council for three terms. He also was appointed to the Tribal Activities Board which was responsible for planning and organizing rodeos. The old rodeo grounds were next to the Ute Park where the ball park is now. This involvement with the rodeo got Bonnie interested in raising stock again, not for the meat market, but for rodeo stock. Before long he had quite a few head of bucking horses and some Brahma bulls. "We really enjoyed the rodeo business. We rented the animals to rodeo promoters around the 4-corners area at Farmington, Cortez, Pagosa, Dulce, Durango and Ignacio. Once in a while a dealer would take a few of our animals clear to Texas or Oklahoma for the rodeo finals. Most people think rodeo animals are really mean, but they're not. On their home pasture most of them are as gentle as pets. It's only in the ring they turn into a different animal." The Kents kept their rodeo stock until Richard, their oldest child moved away from Ignacio. They have four children. Richard now lives in. Oregon. Eunice died at the age of 17. Phoebe still lives at Ignacio. Their 4th child, Beulah, was chosen to be Miss Southern Ute, the Four-Corner's Indian Princess and was a runner-up to Miss Indian America at Sheridan, Wyoming. Beulah represented Miss Indian America at many events in this country and once in Europe. ) _) J _) Bonnie and Essie have gone to the Bear Dances and the Sun Dances for many years. "It's still done about the same as always, but in the old days they were a little stricter. No food or drink near the ceremony and no intoxicated people allowed. It was more religious and less social. We liked the old way a little better." .J June, 1976 - Shelby Smith _) ._) .J .J ..._) .._) ._) ._) J J .J ..._) ...J 95 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Shelby Smith Interviews Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-NC/1.0/?language=en Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1973-1980 Subject The topic of the resource Ignacio; Southwest Colorado Description An account of the resource Collection of biographies, predominantly of residents from the Ignacio Senior Center, based on interviews conducted by Shelby Smith from approximately 1973 to 1980. The abridged interviews were originally published as individual entries in The Thoughtful Years newsletter, published by the Ignacio Senior Center, beginning in 1973. They were later published as a whole in Smith's book: Oral Histories of the Southern Pine River Valley, from which the original scans in this collection have been derived. Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smith, Shelby Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Bonnie Kent and Essie (Richards) Kent Biography Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1976-06 Subject The topic of the resource Kent, Bonnie; Kent, Essie (Richards) Description An account of the resource Biography of Bonnie Kent and Essie (Richards) Kent based on an interview conducted by Shelby Smith. Originally included in the June, 1976 issue of "The Thoughtful Years" newsletter published by the Ignacio Senior Center. Later included in the book "Oral Histories of the Southern Pine River Valley" by Shelby Smith. Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Ignacio, Colorado; Southwest Colorado Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kent, Bonnie; Kent, Essie (Richards) Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2 pages Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/ Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smith, Shelby https://voicesofignacio.cvlcollections.org/files/original/6513bc73038587c3e5fe20247b50ef34.pdf 4e6de020042a8ba216d9f176353a1b87 PDF Text Text Ida Kent (Southern Ute Tribal Elder) My name is Ida Kent. I was born here in Ignacio off on the reservation. There's a house now sitting on a hill where I was born. I was born at the foot of the fill there. There used to be a big reservoir that people used for their horses. It was a farming area, so that's what they used for their horses. That's where I was born, in a teepee. I was born in 1921; that's what it says on the paper. Graves Kent is my father and Ada [sic?] Rabbit Kent is my mother. She was from Breen, CO; that's where her folks lived. Where my dad's folks were from I do not know, because they moved around and they didn't really have a set place. My mother's parents had a lot of sheep, so Breen, CO was country that they took up and they lived in that area. And, she was born there. Her grandfather was Rabbit. I really don't remember his name, but they called him Mr. Rabbit. Anyway, he lived in Breen, CO; it's right south of Ft. Lewis. My parents were both Southern Ute. My brother is Bonny[?] Kent and my sister is Isabelle Kent. They're both gone, but they've got children. Bonny's children are Phoebe, Richard Kent, and Emmanuel [?] Kent. Those are the three that are here today. Isabelle's children are Charles Kent, Cynthia Kent, and Betsy Kent. The two girls are up in ... they're working in ... I don't remember. Charlie is around, but I don't know where he is. Those are the three of hers. My children are Albert Kent and Ida[?] Ray Kent (that's her name); she lives down in Albuquerque. My son lives here in Ignacio. I didn't get married until about 1963. I went to the public school in Ignacio until I was in the fourth or sixth grade. I liked the girls, which went to the public school, from the Indian school. I'd ask them, 'what do you do at that school?' And they told me what the girls did. I liked what I heard, so I asked ifl could go to the Indian school. I asked them if it was possible for me to go to school with the Indians. They said, 'sure you can go to the Indian school, but it won't be like the public school. There are a lot of things that are different.' I said, 'I just want to go to be like a girl, to sew or to be a homemaker,' and they laughed at me. But, anyway, I went to public school up to third or fourth grade. So, I went to school up there. I know the sewing machine (the electric sewing machine). I know the electric iron. There were a lot of things I learned that were so useful. Washing clothes: I had a couple of tubs of hot water and washed our clothes on the weekend and be ready for school the next week. I enjoyed going to school at the Indian school. I learned to do many things, like the sewing machine. I sewed my own dress that was torn. I forgot to take my finger away from the needle and sewed my finger right here [points and laughs]. But, nobody was there to help me except for a lady who said, 'what are you doing? Sewing your finger through the needle?' I said, 'I was too slow,' and they said, 'yeah, it's too fast for people like you who don't know how to handle themselves.' That's what I did. Things that were electric were kind of hard to use, but I got used to using them. It was all right afterwards; I enjoyed being there. �Page 2 of3 How many years was I there? Well, they took me when I was in the fourth grade. I must have been in there for four years until I changed back to public school. I didn't want to go back, but my dad said I should go back to do more lessons. I was doing sewing anyway; that was to be my life. Going to school. .. I didn't do so good. But, I went back to public school. I think I just ~w&W ~ clt,-'atkt rherr when-I wasLlrr rhe-tlimir gra1ie-fqui:t- scllooT'- -I hat wa'sn" t 'ri:ghr, .Jambrly'dad was so mad at me. He didn't think I should be punished like any other person. He wanted me to, but he didn't. So, I quit and didn't go to school no more. After that I had my little boy: Albert Kent. So, he's about 70 years old, I think. I'm not quite sure; I've forgotten how old he has become. All that time after I quit school I went back to work at the dorm. I worked with the boys and the girls as an attendant. There were a lot of things I learned that were well worth training for. I didn't become anything that was a better life, but it was a good life in a way. The time that I was sick I couldn't go back to work, so I decided I better quit. They let me quit, and that was in 1975. I spoke English all that time, because I was working with those people. The Navajo don't have the same language, so we spoke in English together. So, practically, I just lived the English way. Once I learned it I lived that life. Maybe it's not the best story I should say, but it's the best I have. *** I used to dance. I'm not one to say I'm 'it'; I don't know all about it. But, when there was a dance I'd go dance. When there was a Bear Dance I'd go dance. There was the Round dance, so I Round danced. I would do the Gourd Dance when they would have it at our Ute Fair. They used to come up and do that, so I danced now and then. People are, as you'd say, members. But, I didn't become a member and only the members could dance. *** I know just part of my grandparents. Oh, what was his name ... John Russell; that was my mother's father. He lost his parents, too, when he was a baby. A lot of people were still roaming then. They didn't have a place to stay, but they said this was tribal land. So, he lived around here. When he moved out to Towoac that's where he met my grandma. So, that's where he stayed, and they lived together. How long I do not know. Anyway, he was gone again. I guess at that time people could give it up and they got something else. That's the way he was: he was a roamer. He had other children, too, after that. So, I don't know too much about them. I knew my father's parents. I knew my grandpa. It was my grandma that I knew that became a landowner on this side of Oxford. I knew the area, but I can't think of it right now. Anyway, that area was big enough, so my grandma took up that. She had my dad, my aunt ... Amy, Mary, my dad. I guess my grandpa passed away up in Utah, where he was from. His parents were from Utah. He passed away, so I just know my grandma; her name is Isabelle ... her name was Ruby Stone Kent. She married John Kent; who was my dad's father. He was from Utah. My mother's were from Breen, CO. �Page 3 of3 *** We had horses ... wagons and horses. So, we more or less rode wagons and buggies or horseback. The first time I rode in an automobile was when I was going to the dorm. I don't know if it was a tribal thing that took us to Durango to buy clothes or what. But, four of us girls from the dorm, from Ignacio went to buy some clothes. Instead of a bus, it was a truck that took us to Durango. I kind ofremember a little bit about that. One of the girls was saying, 'When I'm able to go on my own, I'll be buying me an automobile so I can drive.' As we were coming out from Durango the road there wasn't as it is now. Anyway, we were going down the road and got a flat. We had to get off the truck. We used to tease that girl and laugh. She said, laughing, 'When I get a flat I'll be walking home with my bags.' We were laughing about dragging our stuff home, because not more car. Oh, boy. I don't even remember the girl's name we were laughing about. But, it was so funny. *** We learned to make a garden by a group of girls and boys of the same grade. They were saying, 'this is how you do it when you go home and have a home: you make yourselves a garden. These are things to eat ... like potatoes.' There are a lot of things that they taught us that are useful for eating. We also had rabbits and onions. They were good, too. *** You know, I should have given a thought ( maybe a long time ago) as to how I would put my story together. But, I didn't even think about it. I'm at a loss now to tell my story fully and, maybe, differently. That's the best I've done. *** Well, at least they [Ida's grandchildren] will know that there were a lot of things that were different then than it is today. And, it was really hard to have things, because you didn't have money. We had things we could us at that time. At that time we didn't have electricity, but we still traveled on horses. Not much of anything that you would call was precious to us except horses and wagons and a home; that were teepees or tents. (Not many of us had homes except teepees.) But, I guess it was very useful, because I came out of it. [Laughs]. In a way I'm glad I lived then. Now, everything is different and easier than at the time that I was little, or at the time I became knowledgeable of myself Now things are a lot better than what they were a long time ago. It was all learning and hardship and all, but we really learned to live. And, we were always happy to be together with our family. Let's say, I'm very happy to be with my people that are here today. And, that's about it, I guess. Interviewed Michael G. Miller (VISTA worker) on January 23, 2004. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Michael Miller Interviews Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/ Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2003-2004 Subject The topic of the resource Ignacio, Colorado; Southwest Colorado Description An account of the resource Collection of twelve biographies written by VISTA worker Michael G. Miller of prominent people in the Ignacio community. Based on interviews conducted by Miller between December 9, 2003 and March 15, 2004. Some contain the additional attribution "for the Ignacio Historical Society." Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Ignacio, Colorado; Southwest Colorado Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Miller, Michael G. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ida Kent Biography Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2004-01-23 Subject The topic of the resource Kent, Ida; Ignacio, Colorado; Southwest Colorado Description An account of the resource Biography of Ida Kent written by VISTA worker Michael Miller and based on an interview conducted by Miller on January 23, 2004. Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Ignacio, Colorado; Southwest Colorado Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kent, Ida Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3 pages https://voicesofignacio.cvlcollections.org/files/original/ed5286b388de290956668b526fe7c024.pdf 5a1a8ebdd0915762077f447f01040aaa PDF Text Text JANNIE ELIZABETH (Terry) KING Janie King was born at Wheeler, Texas, on the wide plains of the West in 1911. Her father, Thomas Ethridge Terry was born at Chickasha, Oklahoma Territory in 1887 and her mother, Lenore Estelle (Bailey) Terry was born at Fayettevi1 le, Arkansas. The instinc! to go west lured the Terrys just as it has thousands of others. "In 1916," Jannie says, "my father sold his farm at Wheeler, put all he could carry in two covered wagons and started west. Though I was only five at the time, I have several clear memories of the trip. One night we camped beside a lake near Groom, Texas. With water so scarce on the plains, mother did not lose the chance to do the family washing. Except for some of our cattle dying of blackleg, the only unpleasant incident of the trip was an encounter with a Gypsy woman who picked my father's pocket. My parents were young, totally unfamiliar with the habits of Gypsies and therefore, an easy prey. This was not our last experience with Gypsies." "We settled at Porter, New Mexico, where I went to school all 12 years. All the farming was dry land. Dad raised broom corn, maize and hay. We cultivated big gardens and raised chickens, pigs and cows. For sweetening we grew sugar cane. When it was mature, we cut and peeled it and took it to my uncle, who could make the best sorghum molasses you ever tasted. He had a press powered by horses to squeeze the Juice out of the cane. The juice flowed into a gently sloping metal trough under which a fire was built. As the Juice slowly flowed back and forth down the channels of the trough, it boiled until it was thickened to the right degree. We ground our own corn with a hand mill. It made delicious bread. Life was good in New Mexico until the dry years came." "When I finished school in 1929, I married Weaver King. We did OK on the farm until the drought of the 30's when the bottom dropped out of prices. II got so bad we were selling eggs for 5 cants a dozen and ten gallon cans of cream for $2.50. We got rid of our caWe and bought sheep, thinking they could find something to eat even if the cows couldn't. In those dry summers we got the most terrific electric storms, but little or no rain. The winds would raise clouds of dust as black as night. After the wind passed, the dust stood 2 inches deep on the fence posts.' "Our son, Tommy, was born in 1935. Until then we and a lot of other folks had hung on thinking the dry years would surely end and things would get back to normal, but it kept right on. We began hearing talk of moving on. Some had done it. One of our neighbors had gone to Western Colorado to look things over. He came back excited and told us, 'That's the Rock Candy Mountain out there. Apples hang from the trees, gardens are full of everything you want to eat. Rivers are full of fish and the woods full of game. All you have to buy is coal oil, salt and baking powder. The rest is for the taking.' Weaver and I got excited too. We asked a lot of questions and finally said, 'Tell us some of the bad things', but he answered, 'No, I can tell you're coming anyway. You'll find out the bad things when you gel there.' 'Well, he was right. We sold out and came to La Plata County, Colorado in 1936. 96 �") .,,.., ") ") ~ 'l ) i ) ) 7 , ) ) .) ) ) ) Weaver sold all his sheep and got 8 horses. He and a friend made one trip to Oxford just to bring the horses. They drove to Albuquerque and up through Cuba. It was the last of September before he was ready to take Tommy and me. One of our neighbors loaded our Pinto riding horse and its colt and all our possessions into his truck and headed west. Fearing the unpaved roads north of Albuquerque if it rained, he drove straight to Gallup, up to Shiprock and then to Aztec. It was a beautiful trip. As we got to the Colorado line just below Bondad, all I could see were great bluffs and rocky hillsides. I asked 'Is it all like this?' They assured me it was not. We settled into a place southeast of the old Hood School east of Durango and later rented places near Oxford." "As soon as we got here the drawbacks showed up. On the first Sunday it snowed. The whole winter it snowed and snowed until I thought it would never quit and in the spring I thought it would never melt. That was one drawback. The other was mud. Oxford mud ought to be world famous, because it's really mud. It was unbelievable. At first we couldn't cope with it. Weaver tried to feed the stock out of the wagon. Chunks of mud the size of me fell off the wheels. He soon learned not to even try it. unless the ground was frozen. The snow could be just as rough. I've seen horses get so tired trying to pull the wagon through it, they just lie down in the snow. After we got a car, we often had to leave it parked at the Oxford Store and walk home on the railroad tracks." } ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) .J J .J ...J ...J "That first winter little Tommy (15 months old) and I were snowbound many weeks. But we didn't mind. He loved to play in the snow and I'll have to admit I did, too. We had plenty of firewood and a barrel of canned goods, so we made it through the winter just fine. During the war years we milked 14 cows. Prices began to rise. For a while it looked as if the price of cream would go to a dollar a pound, but it reached 99 cents and that's as far as it got. We bought our farm north of Oxford with cream checks. Weaver was the ditch rider, did odd jobs and worked the farm to make a living. The highlight of his year was the elk season." The King's two children still live in the area. Tommy married Janie Baird and lives in Ignacio. Beth married Jim Sower and lives in Bayfield. Weaver died in 1965. Jannie stayed on the farm for 3 years, then moved to Ignacio. When we asked whether she ever had second thoughts about moving to Colorado, Jannie says, "You see we didn't leave. I've been here 42 years and it all adds up pretty well." Shelby Smith - November, 1978 _) ...J ...J ...J ...) ...) J J J J J 97 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Shelby Smith Interviews Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-NC/1.0/?language=en Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1973-1980 Subject The topic of the resource Ignacio; Southwest Colorado Description An account of the resource Collection of biographies, predominantly of residents from the Ignacio Senior Center, based on interviews conducted by Shelby Smith from approximately 1973 to 1980. The abridged interviews were originally published as individual entries in The Thoughtful Years newsletter, published by the Ignacio Senior Center, beginning in 1973. They were later published as a whole in Smith's book: Oral Histories of the Southern Pine River Valley, from which the original scans in this collection have been derived. Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smith, Shelby Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Jannie Elizabeth (Terry) King Biography Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1978-11 Subject The topic of the resource King, Jannie Elizabeth (Terry); Ignacio, Colorado; Southwest Colorado Description An account of the resource Biography of Jannie Elizabeth (Terry) King based on an interview conducted by Shelby Smith. Originally included in the November, 1978 issue of "The Thoughtful Years" newsletter published by the Ignacio Senior Center. Later included in the book "Oral Histories of the Southern Pine River Valley" by Shelby Smith. Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Ignacio, Colorado; Southwest Colorado Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource King, Jannie Elizabeth (Terry) Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2 pages Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/ Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smith, Shelby https://voicesofignacio.cvlcollections.org/files/original/65bd79844e2a3d779679d7dbf381177b.pdf c6a443a79cb59b5f712fe23c5f1dfcbb PDF Text Text THELMA(Pena)KUEBLER "My mother, Mary Spencer Baker was an intelligent young lady, one of the first graduates of the Chilocco Indian School in Northern Oklahoma. When she returned home, she worked actively with the employees of the Ute Agency on the Pine River. Because of her language skill and mastery of English, she often served as interpreter at the Agency. On one memorable trip, she accompanied a Ute delegation to a meeting in Washington, D.C. None of this work caused her to lose her interest in the common affairs of life on the reservation. Back home she was one of the best cooks. Everything we ate was home-grown or hunted out of the wilds. She dried and canned our food for the winter. I can still remember washing all those old Kerr jars." "My dad, Juan Pena, a Tewa Indian from Nambe Pueblo, came into the San Juan country to work in the fields when he was just a teenager. Mother met him when he was herding sheep for one of my great uncles, 'Talion' Spencer. After my parents were married, they settled up in the Redondo Valley west of Cat Creek above Pagosa Junclion where my mother had an allotment of land. Dad built us a log house chinked with mud. He was a good farmer, raising crops of grain and hay and managing our flock of sheep. My parents conversed in English and Spanish at first, since neither one knew the other's Indian language. Dad soon learned Ute, since he was around so many Utes." "When my older sister Gennevive and I started to school, Dad moved us to a house in Pagosa Junction. Mrs. Zabriskie taught all 8 grades. I attended only two years in Pagosa Junction. The next year my sister and I and Curtis Cutthair and several others were sent to the Indian School at Santa Fe. The trip was by narrow-gauge railroad with an overnight stop in Antonito. Since I was only 6 or 7 years old, you can imagine how scared I was. I was deathly afraid of being sent away and never coming back. Personnel from the school met us at the Santa Fe depot with a stage coach pulled by mules. Everything about the Indian School was OK except it was just too far from home. My mother died while I was away at school. From then on I helped lake care of my little brother every summer. Vacation time at Pagosa Junction was a delightful break from school. We fished and swam in the San Juan and hiked in the woods. About the only time we ever went to Ignacio was at ration time. That was an all day ride in a wagon and then a long wait in line. We were issued fresh meat, coffee, flour, sugar, etc." "After finishing 10th grade at Santa Fe, I stayed in the dorm north of town and attended grades 11 and 12 in Ignacio. In 19361 finished high school and started working in the accounting office at the B.I.A. with a lady named Rae Mills. She began to teach me the bookkeeping I used for so many years. Before 1936 almost all business and money for the tribe was handled by the B.I.A. This began to change in 1936. That year we began to credit income lo our own accounts, but we still did not write our own checks. About this same time I married Ramius Kuebler. Ramius was a bus driver for the B.1.A. and I continued my work. We had three children, John, Theda and Lawrence. We got our present house in town in 1954. The next year Ramius became very ill and died. I quit 98 �'l "1 ) 'l 'l '} ) l J l ) work to take care of him during the last months. In 1956 the Tribe asked me to come back to work with the books. My years with the Tribe from 1936-1972 were mostly spent in the finance department, but I also worked part of the time on the Tribal Census with Millie Daniels, in Property and Supply with Harold Turner and in the irrigation department doing typing. In 1974 I got a job as secretary at the SUARC Program and only recently retired from there. " "Now that I'm home, I spend my time taking care of my grandchildren, Michele, Kathy and Cedric and I read my books. I love to read. I have read all of Louis L'Amour's books and many other books of different kinds." ) J ) ) J "My father, Juan Pena, will celebrate his 99th birthday in May. I am thankful to still have my father." "I want everyone to know I enjoyed all the years I worked for the Tribe and now that I have extra time, I will be glad to serve the Tribe in any way that I can." Shelby Smith, April 1981 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) _) ..J J ...) _) _) _) .__) ...) ....J ..J .__) ...J ..J ~ ....J ....) 99 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Shelby Smith Interviews Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-NC/1.0/?language=en Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1973-1980 Subject The topic of the resource Ignacio; Southwest Colorado Description An account of the resource Collection of biographies, predominantly of residents from the Ignacio Senior Center, based on interviews conducted by Shelby Smith from approximately 1973 to 1980. The abridged interviews were originally published as individual entries in The Thoughtful Years newsletter, published by the Ignacio Senior Center, beginning in 1973. They were later published as a whole in Smith's book: Oral Histories of the Southern Pine River Valley, from which the original scans in this collection have been derived. Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smith, Shelby Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Thelma (Pena) Kuebler Biography Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1981-04 Subject The topic of the resource Kuebler, Thelma (Pena); Ignacio, Colorado; Southwest Colorado Description An account of the resource Biography of Thelma (Pena) Kuebler based on an interview conducted by Shelby Smith in April, 1981. Included in the book "Oral Histories of the Southern Pine River Valley" by Shelby Smith. Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Ignacio, Colorado; Southwest Colorado Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kuebler, Thelma (Pena) Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2 pages Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/ Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smith, Shelby https://voicesofignacio.cvlcollections.org/files/original/89af2b9cc2be99b37a7ae6049633fe26.pdf cb0a9de06325d959b2c5f8f5ec1737a0 PDF Text Text MILDRED (Parrott) LEONARD Mildred's maternal grandparents, John and Mary Porterfield, met and were married in Nevada. Mary Dexter was a member of the Washoe Indian Tribe, a people who have lived along the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains and nearby desert areas for countless generations. Their child Lillian Porterfield was only 14 years old when Mary died. John sent Lillian to the Indian school in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, to get a quality education. Lillian excelled at needlework and soon became an expert seamstress. She look a job at the Modoc Indian Agency in northeast California to teach sewing. George Parrott, Mildred's grandfather, was born on a farm in south central Ohio near the small village of South Salem. He learned all the traditional farming skills of the late 1800's at home. George and Lillian's lives intersected when he was hired to teach agriculture at the same Modoc Agency in California. After George and Lillian were married, they moved back to Ohio where Mildred, their only child, was born. Soon enough they were enticed back into teaching at the Indian Agencies. Mildred says, "I think Dad liked to move and experience different parts of the country. We spent a couple of years at Santa Fe with the Pueblo people, next at the Shawnee Agency in Oklahoma, then at Busby, Montana, with the Crow people, and then at Ft. Bidwell, California, with the Modocs. Finally, Dad was sent to Colorado to work with the Southern Ute people. We stayed in Ignacio until 1930 when Dad retired." Mildred attended high school here in Ignacio. She loved playing basketball. The kids had to use the American Legion Hall (localed south of the new library) since the school had no gym. In those days Ignacio had a movie theater, two or three grocery stores, two gas stations and a drug store. These businesses were essential as most people could not go to Durango often. Mildred met and dated Jack Leonard, Virginia Lunsford's brother. They were married when she was very young. The Leonards were an old family in Ignacio. Jack's dad had operated a meat market here for a long time. His mom Edna Leonard taught first grade in Ignacio for many years. Mildred and Jack had three sons, Ted, Bob and Jack. Mildred never worked outside of home. She considered raising three boys a big enough job. When Mildred's husband enlisted in the U.S. Army during World War II, he did not expect the assignment he got. Jack had grown up at Fruitland, N. M., where most of his friends were Navajo kids. When the army learned he could speak Navajo well, they assigned him to work with the legendary Code Talkers. What he was doing in the South Pacific was a secret - so much so that Mildred did not know anything about it until some time after the war was ended. Mildred has traveled a lot. One memorable trip happened during World War II when she and Virginia Lunsford, her sister in law, rode the train all the way to Providence, Rhode Island. "We took the narrow gauge train to Alamosa, then changed to the wide gauge. It was a long trip, but enjoyable. Virginia's husband Paul was a Sea Bee, stationed there in Rhode Island. When he got some time off, Paul took us to New York City to see the Statue of Liberty, Staten Island, the Empire State Building and a 100 �"l ~ 'l ,,, ,,, 'l 'l ) l l ) ) J ) -) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) performance at Radio City Music Hall. Before his time in New England, Paul had been in Hawaii helping rebuild Pearl Harbor." After the war ended Mildred moved to Farmington where she lived for 45 years. In 1978 when she and her dad learned about the opening of the second phase of the Southern Ute Senior Apartments, they applied for a two bedroom unit and moved back to Ignacio. She and her dad had a good two years at the senior center before he died. Both of them liked to play cards. The rest of their crowd included Louisa Hartig, Beulah Miller, Gertrude Dunn, Willie Bledsoe and Twila Bright. Mildred recalls, "When Dad got a notion to play cards, he'd say, 'Do you suppose the old biddies will want to come over?' Usually, they did." Mildred has had wonderful trips to Hawaii as well as to Germany and Switzerland to visit her sons who were stationed there. She has traveled to all but six states in the U.S. In 1980 she attended a family reunion at her old home town in Ohio, where she met most of her 18 cousins and many other relatives. Six of them remain today. Two of Mildred's sons have died: Bob in 1993 and Jack in October of 2010. Ted, a retired Army Colonel, and his wife live in Las Vegas, Nevada. "I don't think a person is supposed to outlive their children. It's very hard to lose them, but I have 6 grandchildren and 10 great-grandchildren to enjoy today. I'll be 94 years old on July 22nd. So far I don't need any medicine except a daily baby aspirin. My friends Jean Patrick, Jean McClanahan and several others still come over to play Liverpool Rummy. We enjoy it a lot." ) March, 2010- Shelby Smith ) ) ) _) _J _J _) J .J __J J _) _) .J J _; ..J ..J ..J ..J 101 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Shelby Smith Interviews Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-NC/1.0/?language=en Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1973-1980 Subject The topic of the resource Ignacio; Southwest Colorado Description An account of the resource Collection of biographies, predominantly of residents from the Ignacio Senior Center, based on interviews conducted by Shelby Smith from approximately 1973 to 1980. The abridged interviews were originally published as individual entries in The Thoughtful Years newsletter, published by the Ignacio Senior Center, beginning in 1973. They were later published as a whole in Smith's book: Oral Histories of the Southern Pine River Valley, from which the original scans in this collection have been derived. Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smith, Shelby Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mildred (Parrott) Leonard Biography Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2010-03 Subject The topic of the resource Leonard, Mildred (Parrott); Ignacio, Colorado; Southwest Colorado Description An account of the resource Biography of Mildred (Parrott) Leonard based on an interview conducted by Shelby Smith in March, 2010. Included in the book "Oral Histories of the Southern Pine River Valley" by Shelby Smith. Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Ignacio, Colorado; Southwest Colorado Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leonard, Mildred (Parrott) Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2 pages Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/ Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smith, Shelby