4 10 216 https://voicesofignacio.cvlcollections.org/files/original/f6e6e8b4561ace20399e5da64057a933.pdf 7ed01eb79358a8859bf30db280617216 PDF Text Text JACK & ANNETTA (Burch) FROST "I was born May 27, 1910," Jack states, "north of the Southern Ute agency just above Oscar Slrain's place. My father was a Northern Ute named Moav and my mother was Maria Frost, a Southern Ute. Many of the Utes, like my father, used to have only one name. I had an older sister, Mamie and a younger brother, Curry, but both are now deceased. My parents were living in a tepee when I was born. When I was about four years old, we moved into a one room frame house four miles south of Bayfield on the west side of the river. My father was a good farmer. He raised wheat and oats and hay. He plowed with horses and a walking plow and taught me to plow as soon as I was old enough. We were very proud when he bought his first riding plow. The Allen Day School was one and a half miles away across the river. I got to ride a horse to school, which made it easy to ford the river. After fourth grade the school closed and I was sent to Towaoc the next year. My dad got sick and that was the end of school for me. I helped with the farm work at home full time until I married Annetta Burch. My father often told me stories about how the Northern Utes used to live. He said they never stayed in one place too long. They liked to camp and travel and move about the country, hunting game and picking pinon nuts and berries. They roamed from Grand Junction to Meeker to Vernal and to Moon Lake. They only went lo Ft. Duchesne to pick up their rations. He came with a group of Northern Utes to visit here and met and married my mother. After they were married, he never went back to Utah except for visits. Whenever he got restless or lonely, he hitched up his horses and buggy and went to see his people. When I was still a young man, I went to Utah on horseback to visit my dad's people. It took me 10 days to reach Myton, Utah (near Ft. Duchesne) going through Cortez, Monticello, Moab and Green River. Coming back I rode through Grand Junction, Montrose and Silverton lo Ignacio in 9 days. I married Annetta Burch in 1927, when I was 26 years old." Annetta was born February 2, 1913. When her mother, Ada Burch, died in 1915, Annetta's grandparents, Steve and Ruth Burch took her to raise, along with two other grand-daughters, Essie Kent and Cora Jefferson. "We lived in an adobe house," Annetta says, "just a short walk north of the Allen Day School. My grandfather was a farmer. He raised turkeys and rabbits for sale, but his real interest was thoroughbred race horses. He raised beautiful horses, some of which he raced and others he sold. We traveled everywhere within a hundred miles of Ignacio to race and to attend horse sales. I remember a trip to Ridgeway. My grandparents hitched up the wagon, loaded their camp supplies and headed north into the mountains. My job was to sit in the back of the wagon to hold the reins of the race horses and keep them calm. Grandfather allowed five days to reach Ridgeway, a very slow pace, so the horses would not become too tired to race. The trip was a lot of fun. We'd watch the beautiful country go by and cook out on the open fire. I was older than Essie and Cora and loved to tease and frighten them. Grandfather often told us stories, some of them scary ones as we rode along and as we sat around the camp fire in the evenings. After we had heard one of these stories it was very easy to scare the other girls, especially Essie because she was the youngest. I sometimes got spanked for this. At the races there was a lot of noise and excitement. People attended for the fun of seeing one another as much as for 54 �~ ~ --i ' ' 'l the races. After the races there was always a lot of horse trading before the long trip home." J J "I attended Allen Day School. That was where I first met Jack Frost. At that time the Utes didn't know about most of the holidays, but we were taught about Christmas at school. I learned Twas the Night Before Christmas well enough to give it at a program. The teacher even took me to recite it at Bayfield." Jack interrupted at this point to say, "She had a good memory but I always beat her at the spelling bees. " ) J ) ' ) '1 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) J ) ) J Jack and Annetta were married in 1937. They have 9 children. Dorothy is the oldest, then Clement, Ray, Dixie, Darlene, Donna, Byron, Ronnie and Debbie, Most of the children still live near Ignacio, but Ray is in Tucson, Byron is in Washington and Debbie is attending College at Missoula, Montana. For many years the Frosts have lived on a farm just north of the place where Annetta was raised. At first they made their living almost entirely by farming. "We milked 5 Jersey cows, earning $15.00 per week selling the cream. We had 300 chickens and traded the eggs for groceries. It was not all work. We both loved horses. When Annetta was still with her grandparents, she was forbidden to ride the race horses, but she sometimes sneaked the jockey saddle on one of the fast ones and went for a wild ride, "My interest," Jack recalls ''was just as strong. During the 1940's, I traveled with a local Cowboy's Polo Team. One of the horses I rode was a big help. He learned to kick the ball and sometimes made a score. I never got to play basketball or football, but I played baseball every Sunday on a team sponsored by the B.I.A." Involvement with the business of the Tribe has always been important to the Frosts. Annetta served on the Education Committee during the 1950's, Jack has served on the Adoption Committee and has been a member of the Southern Ute Tribal Council, Jack has worked at many jobs to supplement his family income (at the John Deere Agency, at the Headstart, as a night-watchman, etc., but his heart and Annetta's heart have always been on the farm and the land of their fathers . .) Shelby Smith -- Taken November,1979 _J J J .J J .J J J ~ .J J J J J J 55 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Shelby Smith Interviews Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-NC/1.0/?language=en Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1973-1980 Subject The topic of the resource Ignacio; Southwest Colorado Description An account of the resource Collection of biographies, predominantly of residents from the Ignacio Senior Center, based on interviews conducted by Shelby Smith from approximately 1973 to 1980. The abridged interviews were originally published as individual entries in The Thoughtful Years newsletter, published by the Ignacio Senior Center, beginning in 1973. They were later published as a whole in Smith's book: Oral Histories of the Southern Pine River Valley, from which the original scans in this collection have been derived. Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smith, Shelby Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Jack Frost and Annetta (Burch) Frost Biography Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1979-11 Subject The topic of the resource Frost, Jack; Frost, Annetta (Burch); Ignacio, Colorado; Southwest Colorado Description An account of the resource Biography of Jack Frost and Annetta (Burch) Frost based on an interview conducted by Shelby Smith. Originally included in the November, 1979 issue of "The Thoughtful Years" newsletter published by the Ignacio Senior Center. Later included in the book "Oral Histories of the Southern Pine River Valley" by Shelby Smith. Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Frost, Jack; Frost, Annetta (Burch) Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2 pages Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/ Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smith, Shelby https://voicesofignacio.cvlcollections.org/files/original/139868dccd8b745a6c3c7e50a559871c.pdf b3139b3d2cbdc3c116a9a06560ad6623 PDF Text Text r'\ ~ "I ~ "") MARY EDNA (TRUJILLO) GALLEGOS ~ Mary Edna Gallegos was born in Pagosa Springs, Colorado, February 25, 1912, the oldest child of Tobias Trujillo and Sarah (Moreno) Trujillo. Tobias was a farmer. When he died in 1916, Edna was only 4 years old and hardly remembers her dad. Her mother later married Evaristo Garcia. i i ) J -) "My step~dad," Edna says, "was a very good man. He treated me really well. My younger sisters and one brother are still living. Mary lives in Los Angeles, Dolores in Blanco, Rose in Plymouth, CA, and Ray in Albuquerque." ) ) "I went to school in Lonetree (about 10 miles north of Pagosa Junction on Cat Creek Road). That is dryland country, but in those days we had plenty of rain for hay and for crops. The wild grass was so tall it would brush your feet when you rode a horse. We used to knot necklaces from a particular variety of tough grass there. I wonder if it still grows there. The climate has changed so much." ) About 1922 Edna's family moved to Mancos for 2 years, then came back to Durango. , ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) J ) ) J .J __) J J .J ....J J __J __J "My step-dad worked at the smelter where they processed the ores from Silverton. I enjoyed living in Durango, but it didn't last very long. When my mother died, I went to live with my aunt in Ignacio. I stayed with her two years until I was married at the age of 15. Aurelio Gallegos and I got married in 1927. For 15 years we lived on the farm at Caracas by the San Juan River just below the New Mexico State Line. There was no bridge across the river. We forded it with a wagon to buy supplies at Pagosa Junction. If the river was too high we crossed with pack horses. Sometimes I stayed home for 3 months. Often the river was so high in May, June, and July from the spring melt, that we were isolated. We had a log house on a rise above the river. Aurelio raised alfalfa on the river bottom and grain on a flat place we called the "alcon." Whenever we needed fuel we took our wagon up on Caracas Mesa. We had a permit to haul all the wood we needed for our personal use. In the summer and fall we took our wagon up on the mesa top into the woods and enjoyed the views and the peaceful feeling of the back country. Sometimes we could watch the herds of beautiful wild horses which roamed the canyons and mesas at that time. Before the winter, we always had enough wood to last till the next summer. We grew nearly all of our food. Our irrigation system was from our well, simple but effective. We pulled up buckets of water with a rope and pulley and emptied them into a series of trenches which ran down the rows of the garden. This was a lot easier than hauling buckets around the garden. We roasted our blue corn and had it ground at Allison, enough for us and some to sell. We put away 200 lbs. of white peas and all kinds of chilies and vegetables. We used kerosene lamps and a wood burning cookstove. Our cellar kept our cream and eggs cool in summer and kept our produce from freezing in winter. We never had electricity and never missed it. You'd be surprised how few worries we had. No utility bills to pay. No food bills. We were sure of everything. I was never bored and never lonely. I always liked the quiet places. __J J J J ..) .J "Aurelio and I had four children. Roger now lives in Ogden, Utah, Sarah in Newark, CA, Abe in Farmington, and Lillie in Bayfield. The kids went about 3 miles to school. If we needed to travel any further than the valley, we crossed the river and waited for the train. 57 �lfwe needed to go shopping or go to the doctor, we took the train to Durango. II arrived from Alamosa ~very day at 1:30 p.m. and would get to Durango in about 2 hours. In winter it was sometimes delayed for long periods because of snow on the passes. One way to Durango cost $2.45. "In 1942 we moved to Jack Dickinson's irrigated farm across the river in Colorado, where we stayed 5 years. From 1947-49 we lived in Durango. When Aurelio's mom died in 1949, we moved back to Caracas where we stayed until 1964. Thal year we moved to Ignacio and I've been here ever since." Edna lives in one of the apartments in the Senior Citizen's Complex just north of Ignacio. She visits her children whenever she can and occasionally keeps one of her grandchildren. Edna enjoys her new apartment and the conveniences of life today, but she would trade her electric range for a wood burning cookstove in a minute. Shelby Smith - February, 1978 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Shelby Smith Interviews Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-NC/1.0/?language=en Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1973-1980 Subject The topic of the resource Ignacio; Southwest Colorado Description An account of the resource Collection of biographies, predominantly of residents from the Ignacio Senior Center, based on interviews conducted by Shelby Smith from approximately 1973 to 1980. The abridged interviews were originally published as individual entries in The Thoughtful Years newsletter, published by the Ignacio Senior Center, beginning in 1973. They were later published as a whole in Smith's book: Oral Histories of the Southern Pine River Valley, from which the original scans in this collection have been derived. Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smith, Shelby Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mary Edna (Trujillo) Gallegos Biography Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1978-02 Subject The topic of the resource Gallegos, Mary Edna (Trujillo); Ignacio, Colorado; Southwest Colorado Description An account of the resource Biography of Mary Edna (Trujillo) Gallegos based on an interview conducted by Shelby Smith. Originally included in the February, 1978 issue of "The Thoughtful Years" newsletter published by the Ignacio Senior Center. Later included in the book "Oral Histories of the Southern Pine River Valley" by Shelby Smith. Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Ignacio, Colorado; Southwest Colorado Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gallegos, Mary Edna (Trujillo) Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2 pages Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/ Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smith, Shelby https://voicesofignacio.cvlcollections.org/files/original/87f1b0aac833288a878c0fbda430424d.pdf 8f4a4823eb19e03b7e5f618d34bd0dcc PDF Text Text ~ ~ ' ' ' ' ' , , , ) ) ) ) ' -) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) J _) __) ...) J J J J ._) ..) ._) ._) ._) TOM and ESTEFANITA (Rodriguez) GARCIA Jose Francisco Tomas Garcia came running along the ditch, then plopped onto his stomach under a pinon tree to watch the ditch water pound the waterwheel slowly and relentlessly round and round. Tiny boats made of wood shavings and sticks glided along in grand disregard for their danger, bounced down the waterwheel and disinterested in the churning pool. At nine years of age Tomas was old enough to give his grandfather some help in the flour mill, but like today there were slack times, too. Time to sail boats, time to watch clouds in the blue New Mexico sky and time to listen to the wind in the junipers. Today the hot weather sound of grasshoppers singing accompanied the measured splashing of the wheel, and underlying all was the steady, patient, low monotone of stone turning upon stone. Tomas and his mother, Nepomucena, divided their time between Grandfather Garcia's farm and flour mill and Grandfather Montoya's ranch near Espanola. Tom's father came home as often as he could, but worked on a ranch in the Animas Valley just below the Waterfall Ranch. Tomas, the first of seven children, was born October 4, 1880, at Mesilla, New Mexico. He was nine when he started to school. Everyone, including the teachers spoke Spanish. "We didn't have shows or ball games, but we played with tops, made our own bows and arrows and shot some good marble games." On his tenth birthday, Tom got a present he still remembers. While attempting to hitch a couple of horses to a wagon, he received a severe kick in the head. The blow was stunning and painful, but no permanent injury was done, except for a mark still visible on his forehead. Tom watched the horses more closely after that. Some of the most exciting days of the year during Tom's boyhood were the days of the cock races. A rooster, the target of the race, would be buried in loose earth with only its head and neck exposed. Two teams of horseman, or horsewomen, would line up at the starting point and ride off like thunder at the shot of a gun. Members of each team would lean precariously f rom their saddles attempting to grab the chicken and uproot it from the earth as they rode by in full gallop. Sometimes several passes were required with much jostling and shoving between the teams before either succeeded. Once the rooster was in hand the team possessing it attempted to ride to a designated goal and back to the starting line. The rooster, squawking and kicking, usually changed hands many times being captured and recaptured by each team in a wild, horseback free-for-all. If eyes were blackened, horses were tripped and grand fist fights broke out, that's what was expected. Spectators took a frantic interest in the outcome partly because it was an exciting sport and partly because betting on the winner assumed high stakes. Most of the time there would be a women's race and then a men's race. In the evening the losing teams were required to sponsor a dance and reception with refreshments for the winners . Tom says the last cock race he recalls took place about 1900 in New Mexico. In the summer of 1890 Tom's father, Jose, moved his family to the Animas Valley north of Durango. Tom was promptly hired to operate the horse drawn hay-baler, even though he was only 10 years old. For two years Tom went to school in Durango and learned a lot of English . ._) J ._) .J J 59 �By 1893 Tom's father had saved enough money to buy farmland near Blanco. Tom took great pride in acquiring his own pony at this time and had fun playing Spanish Explorer in the hills. In 1905 when Tom came to the Pine River Valley to visit his cousin, he did not plan to make his home here. No town existed. All that was here at the lime was the train depot, a few homes of Tribal Members, the Indian Agency and the trading post where Tom's cousin worked. While Tom was here, one of the employees at the post quit and the Hall brothers gave Tom the job of clerking and delivering. The two Hall brothers who owned the trading post lived at home with their mother. One of them was never married and the other was a widower with several children. Employed to care for the family, keep house and cook was a young lady named Estefanita Rodriquez. Estefanita was small, quick, efficient and very pretty. Since Tom was assigned to milk the cow for the family and lo eat his meals with the Halls, he met Estefanila over the milk pail and quickly acquired a taste for her cooking. "We got acquainted pretty fast," Tom admits. They were married in 1906. Tom continued to work at the post for a while; then they moved to Bayfield where he got a job with the Postal Service delivering sacks of bulk mail from the Ignacio Depot to Bayfield and then from Bayfield back to Ignacio. "There weren't any roads then, just trails. I drove a spring wagon along a trail by Buckskin Charlie's place." Tom liked his job because he got to keep on the move and meet people, but when Hans Aspaas bought the Agency Store, Tom went back to work in his old job. The Halls had bought John Taylor's land located between the present day Bank of Ignacio and the Catholic Church. Aspaas bought a large piece of land south of the bank and together they started platting the town of Ignacio. Tom and Estefanita worked hard and saved their money till in 1913 they hired Mr. Manzanares to build a house for them. Tom's house was one of the first large homes built in Ignacio. Due to its thick adobe and solid wood construction, the house is still sturdy and attractive. Of their eight children, five were boys and three were girls. Filbert died at the age of eighteen. All the others survive. From 1922 to 1940 Tom rented a farm 2 miles east of town. He raised wheat and hay and kept a few cattle. During those years Tom got involved in politics. "I liked it. I worked for the Democrats," Tom said. He took an active part in campaigns, contacted and influenced people and made many speeches for the candidates he thought were good people. The large adobe building on Goddard Avenue, presently used as the school repair shop, was built by Ignacio members of S.P.M.D.T.U. Tom recalls with a laugh that those six letters appeared in large size across the front of the building and that some local residents would sometimes tell strangers they meant "Some Poor Mexicans Die Tied Up". Actually, S.P.M.D.T.U. stands for the Sociadad Protectora Mexicana de Travajadores Unidos, a lodge devoted to protecting and improving the working conditions of Mexican-Americans. Tom as an active member occasionally traveled to Alamosa for regional meetings. For many years their building was used by various groups for meetings, parties and dances and otherwise served as the major social center in town. Estefanita's house and yard were always showplaces of flowers. She grew every kind of fruit and vegetable she could crowd into her garden. She sold eggs, produce and cream. 60 �,, ., ,, ., J J J , , ) ) J ) ) ) ) ) ) Both Garcias were hardworking all their lives. They provided well for their family and encouraged them to get as much education as possible. In spite of the obligations of a large family and a lifetime of hard work, Tom and Estefanita were aware of the needs of Their neighbors. Those who know them remark that the Garcias always remembered the poor and offered help wherever grief or sickness or trouble occurred. Estefanita suffered several periods of Illnesses during the summer and fall of 1973. She died in mid December. Today when Tom has visitors, he may get a mischievous look in his eye and inform them that the happiest hours of his life were spent in the arms of another man's wife. Before his guests are too shocked he explains that he's talking about his mother. Tom is now 93, looking for his 94th birthday in October. 'He doesn't get around too well now, but his mind is alert and his memory is good, especially regarding the distant past. When the days get warmer, Tom will spend many hours in the sun on his porch enjoying his life on that day and remembering the good and the bad, the grief and the joys, the mistakes and the successes of 93 years. If you're going that way and can stop for a few minutes, he will enjoy your visit, but more than that, you may learn a thing or two. ) March, 1974 -- Shelby Smith ) ) ) } ) _) ) ) .J ) ...) ...) .J ...) .,_) J -...J _; J -...J -...J .J .J ._) 61 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Shelby Smith Interviews Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-NC/1.0/?language=en Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1973-1980 Subject The topic of the resource Ignacio; Southwest Colorado Description An account of the resource Collection of biographies, predominantly of residents from the Ignacio Senior Center, based on interviews conducted by Shelby Smith from approximately 1973 to 1980. The abridged interviews were originally published as individual entries in The Thoughtful Years newsletter, published by the Ignacio Senior Center, beginning in 1973. They were later published as a whole in Smith's book: Oral Histories of the Southern Pine River Valley, from which the original scans in this collection have been derived. Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smith, Shelby Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Tom Garcia and Estefanita (Rodriguez) Garcia Biography Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1974-03 Subject The topic of the resource Garcia, Tom; Garcia, Estefanita (Rodriguez); Ignacio, Colorado; Southwest Colorado Description An account of the resource Biography of Tom Garcia and Estefanita (Rodriguez) Garcia based on an interview conducted by Shelby Smith. Originally included in the March, 1974 issue of "The Thoughtful Years" newsletter published by the Ignacio Senior Center. Later included in the book "Oral Histories of the Southern Pine River Valley" by Shelby Smith. Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Ignacio, Colorado; Southwest Colorado Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Garcia, Tom; Garcia, Estefanita (Rodriguez) Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3 pages Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/ Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smith, Shelby https://voicesofignacio.cvlcollections.org/files/original/31446c3981e1eb9e62f0fbafe892ae85.pdf a7cd980e2a3b10bde18016253f6e866e PDF Text Text RICHARD AND HENRIETTA (Benson) GARDNER Richard Harold Gardner was born near Sioux Falls, South Dakota, on April 1, 1896, the youngest Child of George and Hanna Gardner. George had been reared in Dearborn, Michigan, where he went to school with Henry Ford, (The old Gardner home is now a part of Henry Ford's Pioneer Village at Dearborn). George went west at the age of 19, settled at Sioux Falls, South Dakota, and took advantage of the Homestead Law to acquire farmland. When George died at the age of 48, he was farming 1500 acres of rich Missouri Valley farmland with horses. After his death Hanna moved the children to town and rented the land to others. "Heinie and I attended the same high school," Dick recalls, "but since I was older and a member of a different class in school, I never knew her till several years later. I didn't have much time to get into mischief. When I wasn't going to school, I was working. Part of the time I did chores for farmers. For a while I helped the school custodian until I got a job at the telephone company. It amounted to 40 hours per week counting all the evening hours and an all-night shift Saturday night through Sunday morning. I worked on the test board tracing down malfunctions in the circuits. Originally, I was paid $30.00 per month which later was raised to $45.00. In summers I really made big money. I traveled with a telephone construction gang as time clerk and bookkeeper. We installed telephone systems in small towns in South Dakota and Minnesota. For that I was paid $75.oo per month plus my keep. Those were in the days before cables and micro-wave transmission. Since every conversation required two separate lines, the telephone poles of those days were laden with several cross arms and dozens of wires. Long distance calls could only be heard a certain distance. The farthest city we could speak with directly was Chicago. Beyond that an operator in Chicago would have to relay the message on to another operator until it reached the party being called. I learned to use the telegraph. Telegraph messages were relayed on the phone lines without interfering with conversations. Because of my work I always had money for high school and for college." Dick was about to finish his sophomore year at South Dakota State when he enlisted in the Army for World War 1. He sailed to France in a convoy of 13 ships. The crossing required 13 days, landing in France on Friday the 13th. Many of the men were spooked by these numbers, but any bad luck incurred did not affect Dick. He was a member of a special railroad unit which built narrow gauge tracks and operated supply trains right up to the trenches. "Once our outfit connected its lines to some German tracks, crossed into German Territory and pulled a German train back into Allied territory." Dick returned to America in July of 1919 and enrolled in college again. The first day back his friends invited him to go with them to a dance. Though he didn't have a date, Dick decided to go. As soon as he arrived, one of his friends pointed out Heinie and said, "there is a girl from Sioux Falls. You should get acquainted." That's exactly what Dick did, Henrietta Amelia is the youngest child of Henry and Amelia Benson, both of whom were born in Sweden, My parents taught me English first, then Swedish. Father was a laborer. I lived in the same house I was born in until I married. 62 �'l '1 '1 '1 '1 't ) ' ' ) ) l ' ' ) 1 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) } ) ) __) _) _) _) ...) J ..J J ..J J J J J J J I~ Heinie had three brothers and one sister. After graduating from high school, she enrolled at South Dakota state to study home economics and commerce. She had been a secretary before college and afterwards did secretarial and book-keeping work all her life. Even though Dick and Heinie were serious students, they found some time for fun, A new music professor from Hew York who knew little about the ways of the west roomed in the same boarding house as Dick. On a snowy, windy night Dick and some of his friends took the prof on a snipe hunt and left him literally holding the bag. About 2:00 A.M. when the boys were about to get worried, the professor came wearily up the stairs. After dating for four years Dick and Heinie were married in 1923. Dick says, "Some people may think that is a long time to date someone, but in those days a boy was supposed to have a job and something to offer before he got married. I had a degree in agriculture and one in school administration. My first job was with the first rural consolidated school system in the state at Madison. We had the first school buses and worked all the bugs out of running a consolidated arrangement. After two years of teaching agriculture, I was selected to be the superintendent. I stayed with that two years and then took the job of county agent." When World War II started Dick felt a responsibility to help with the war effort. He quit the county agent job and started teaching a Radio School for the Army Air Corps. At first he was stationed in Sioux Falls, then in St. Louis. In 1943 the Gardners returned to Madison where Dick resumed his job with the school until 1956. It was not a matter of being unhappy with life in Madison which started the Gardners looking for another place to live. They loved their life and friends there, "We had never lived outside South Dakota," Heinie says, "and we decided if we were ever going to see any other part of the country, we should go then. Dick resigned his job and we started looking. Actually, we had Colorado in mind from the start. When we got to Denver, Dick visited the Colorado Department of Education and learned there were openings for administrators all over the state. We made a list of possible places and began looking. If we didn't like the looks of a place, we wouldn't stop. We almost didn't come to Ignacio because an outdated map showed an unpaved road over here. We immediately liked the looks of the country around here, but did not make a final decision until later. After visiting several schools in Texas, Dick called back and accepted the job in Ignacio. He was principal at the high school for 3 years and, also, of the grade school 3 years until he retired in 1962. That same year we went to the World's Fair in Seattle and then on to Hawaii to visit the grave of our son who died in the war," The Gardner's son, Richard Robert, whom they called Bobby, was born in 1924. Bobby was tall, 6'2", ambitious and had high ideals. He entered the Marines in 1942 and was killed in action on March 13, 1945, on lwo Jima. He was awarded the Silver Star, Purple Heart with 2 gold stars, Presidential Unit, Citation ribbon with star, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal and the World War II Victory Medal. After retiring, Dick served on the Ignacio Town Board, as town clerk and as a manager of the town gas system. He had been active in the Lion's Club, American Legion, VFW, the 63 �Regional Planning Commission and Alpha Zeta, a national agricultural society. Both of them have been active in the Presbyterian Church and have held various service positions in the local church. "We've had good friends everywhere we have lived," the Gardners say, "but we'd never by happy away from the mountains." Shelby Smith, October 1977 64 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Shelby Smith Interviews Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-NC/1.0/?language=en Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1973-1980 Subject The topic of the resource Ignacio; Southwest Colorado Description An account of the resource Collection of biographies, predominantly of residents from the Ignacio Senior Center, based on interviews conducted by Shelby Smith from approximately 1973 to 1980. The abridged interviews were originally published as individual entries in The Thoughtful Years newsletter, published by the Ignacio Senior Center, beginning in 1973. They were later published as a whole in Smith's book: Oral Histories of the Southern Pine River Valley, from which the original scans in this collection have been derived. Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smith, Shelby Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Richard Gardner and Henrietta (Benson) Gardner Biography Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1977-10 Subject The topic of the resource Gardner, Richard; Gardner, Henrietta (Benson); Ignacio, Colorado; Southwest Colorado Description An account of the resource Biography of Richard Gardner and Henrietta (Benson) Gardner based on an interview conducted by Shelby Smith. Originally included in the October, 1977 issue of "The Thoughtful Years" newsletter published by the Ignacio Senior Center. Later included in the book "Oral Histories of the Southern Pine River Valley" by Shelby Smith. Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Ignacio, Colorado; Southwest Colorado Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gardner, Richard; Gardner, Henrietta (Benson) Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3 pages Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/ Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smith, Shelby https://voicesofignacio.cvlcollections.org/files/original/31661c3342eff8a926ca8c17e00a1bab.pdf 6964129a9280581ff9c52734453aefbd PDF Text Text ERVIN AND ADDIE (Rutherford) GILBERT "The first time I ran away from home, I was just 13 years old, but I knew how to work. There was plenty of work in the farm country around Leon, Oklahoma, in the Red River Valley on the Texas line in the 1920's, but the wages were poor. One farmer paid me $12.50 per month working 7 days a week with a half day off on Sunday. People in those days would just about make a slave out of you for nothing." "I was the sixth child of W.J. and Ada Gilbert. When I was 5 months old, my mother died. During the next few months the neighbors helped take care of me until my Dad married Amanda Baxter. She was a brave lady to marry a man with six kids ranging from 1 to 11 years old. However, my Dad had a lot to offer. He owned his own freight line, using teams and wagons to haul goods to and from the rail heads at St. Joe and Marietta. Sometimes he went all the way to Wichita Falls. That took a week round trip. Amanda was good to us, but she was Pennsylvania Dutch and pretty stern." ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) .J .) _) __) ,.J ..) ._) ...J ,.J ...J ..) ._) J J J .J .J "I quit school after 6th grade and left home several times doing all kinds of jobs. I cut bois d'arc (bodark) posts for a while. During harvest season I worked as 'chaffer' on thrashing crews. That was hot, itchy work, but it paid $3.50 -$4.00 per day. I earned about the same amount as a teaming contractor digging slush pits and salt water ponds in the east Texas oil fields." "When the depression hit, wheat went from $1 .25 a bushel to $.25 per bushel to nothing. During the worst times people couldn't sell anything. One year the farmers around Me Kinney, Texas, raised a bumper crop of onions. The market went down and down until on one could buy or sell any more onions. The farmers just dumped them along the road. For ten miles the bar ditches were full of onions. They rotted and smelled for years." "In 1935, I got a notice to join the Civilian Conservation Crops, but almost missed my chance. When the notice came, I was away job hunting and barely made it back in time to get to Marietta. We were trucked to Ardmore where we boarded a train for Colorado. There must have been over 200 of us in the group. All of us were just rough Okie farm boys. Our first major stop was Joplin, Missouri. As the train sat parked in the station, we began to notice a real self-important looking man marching up and down the platform alongslde the train. Back and forth he went. We didn't know he was an armed railroad 'bull'. Some of the boys on the train got bored and decided to play a trick. They got a bucket full of cold water and a bucket full of hot water and the next time he marched by they let him have it with the cold one and then with the hot one. By the time he recovered himself, spluttering and blowing, he was mad and had his gun drawn. It's a good thing no head was showing in a window, because he was a pompous man and almost mad enough to shoot. Our next stop was Kansas City, but the detective decided our behavior wasn't fit for a big city and ordered the train to change to a route across Southern Kansas and that's where we went." "The trip was comfortable enough. Each of us had our own bunks and best of all they gave every one of us $11.00 for snacks and drinks and pocket expenses along the way. I still remember one stop at a small town in Southern Kansas. Captain Percival told us we had 15 minutes to shop and look around and when the whistle blew to get back 65 �immediately. We were having a great time in the bakeries and candy shops. Some of us were holding sacks of goodies we hadn't even paid for when unknown to us a different engine pulled into the yard and made a few toots. The 15 minutes wasn't nearly up, but everyone panicked. There was a stampede and the whole town got roused up wondering what was going on. At Alamosa we switched lo the narrow gauge. When we arrived at the Durango Depot, trucks were wailing to take us lo our assigned camp site on the La Plata River near Breen. There was nothing there but a sage brush field when we arrived. However, within a few weeks, we had a neat camp laid out and a 5 acre garden planted in the river bottom. Our group was assigned lo the Division of Grazing and built roads, trails, fences and ponds. Rookies earned $30.00 per month, assistant leaders earned $35.00 per month and leaders earned $40.00. All but $5.00 was sent home to your family. We got a $5.00 ticket lo spend at the PX. My job was to drive a '34 Ford VB flatbed truck back and forth between the camp and Salt Lake City, Utah, hauling supplies to the various camps along the way." "In October, 1935 I went to a dance at Breen and met Addie Rutherford. We dated for several months and were married at Aztec in 1936." Addie Rutherford was born at Lewis, Colorado, which was named for her grandfather Lewis, who started the first post office there. When Addie was born, her father Paul Rutherford was a honey farmer. The family later moved to Telluride for 8 years, then to Silverton for 8 years where Paul was a miner. Later they moved to Durango where Addie finished high school and got a job in the telephone office. Ervin could have signed up for another hitch in the CCC, but even though jobs were still hard to find, he decided he would rather make his own way. To earn a living, the Gilberts had to make a lot of moves the first few years of their marriage. They lived at various places in southwest Colorado. Ervin did some mining, some truck driving and some farming, and whatever was available because times were still hard. "In 1947 we decided things might be a little better in Oklahoma, so we moved back to Leon for 2 years where we very nearly went broke. We saved our money until we could come back to Colorado. In 1949 we settled in Bayfield where I worked for the forest service for 15 years." In 1957 Ervin got a contract to quarry the rock for the new buildings at Ft. Lewis College. Over the next several years Ervin provided 80-85% of the rock used in the new construction at the college. He and Dan Black, one of the administrators at Fl. Lewis, found the 'bacon rind' sandstone up on the Ewing place south of Durango, which was used in most of the college buildings. No mechanical gimmicks were used in the quarrying. It was all done using spalling hammers and loaded by hand. Ervin was paid by the ton. Some of the buildings required 700 tons of rock. The Gilberts had 10 children. Clark, the oldest, lives at Pleasant Hill, Missouri, near Kansas City; Millard lives in Bakersfield, California; Gene died when he was 33; Judy Beuten lives in Farmington; Sally Powell lives at Spring Creek; Salina Church is living at Star, Idaho; Paul is at Wellington, Colorado; Patsy died at the age of 3; and Albert and Terry are both living in Denver. 66 �'l 'l ~ i i i ' ' In the fall of 1978 the Gilberts moved to an apartment at the Senior Center north of Ignacio where they still live. Addie is an excellent seamstress and does sewing of all kinds. Ervin grows his garden, goes fishing whenever he takes a notion (like most of the Irish folk) and has a lot of fun. Best wishes to both of them. ~ Shelby Smith - May 1981 ) ) ) ) 1 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) J ) .J ...) _) _) _) ...) _) J ...) ...) ...) ...) ...) ...) ...) 67 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Shelby Smith Interviews Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-NC/1.0/?language=en Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1973-1980 Subject The topic of the resource Ignacio; Southwest Colorado Description An account of the resource Collection of biographies, predominantly of residents from the Ignacio Senior Center, based on interviews conducted by Shelby Smith from approximately 1973 to 1980. The abridged interviews were originally published as individual entries in The Thoughtful Years newsletter, published by the Ignacio Senior Center, beginning in 1973. They were later published as a whole in Smith's book: Oral Histories of the Southern Pine River Valley, from which the original scans in this collection have been derived. Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smith, Shelby Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ervin Gilbert and Addie (Rutherford) Gilbert Biography Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1981-05 Subject The topic of the resource Gilbert, Ervin; Gilbert, Addie (Rutherford); Ignacio, Colorado; Southwest Colorado Description An account of the resource Biography of Ervin Gilbert and Addie (Rutherford) Gilbert based on an interview conducted by Shelby Smith in May, 1981. Included in the book "Oral Histories of the Southern Pine River Valley" by Shelby Smith. Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Ignacio, Colorado; Southwest Colorado Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Ervin; Gilbert, Addie (Rutherford) Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3 pages Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/ Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smith, Shelby https://voicesofignacio.cvlcollections.org/files/original/7e9bcfacfb63b775069240f7f62f6582.pdf 991c441433b9ca042c2e9c9c869e1045 PDF Text Text GENEVIEVE PENA GUNN Genevieve Pena was born January 23, 1913, at Pagosa Junction, Colorado, one of the children of Juan Pena and Mary Baker Pena. Mary was a Ute and was considered a highly educated person in her day since she had finished the 12th grade at Haskell Institute in Kansas. "My grandparents," Genevieve says, "knew they had a gem of a person in my mother. They loved and valued her highly. My father, who was a member of the San Juan Pueblo near Espanola, N.M., came into this country herding sheep. When Dad wanted to marry Mother, her parents and grandparents discussed it a long lime, finally deciding Juan was industrious and good for the family. Dad offered to pay for Mother, but apparently he had nothing which they considered valuable enough as a dowry. After much thought the older Bakers set this condition. If Dad would work for the family for 2 years without pay, he could marry Mother. He agreed to this and was never sorry. "When I was born," Genevieve says, "the area around Pagosa Junction was not almost empty as it is today. The river valley and all the canyons leading up onto the mesas were full of people. You should have seen the people pour out of the canyons when there was a wedding or a celebration. There were about 20 houses in town, a train station, a church, a hotel with a restaurant, a school and two stores, one run by the Gomez family and the other by Walter Ziebriski. Both stores had good selections of general merchandise. Ziebriski made quite a stir when he put a hand operated gasoline pump out in front of his store. Since Ziebriski spoke English with a heavy accent, I could never understand one word he said, but Dad could. I would listen to their conversations and as soon as we left ask father, 'What did he say?'." "The train was the lifeline of our town. We were a switching point on the main AlamosaDurango line for the branch to Pagosa Springs. That's why we needed a hotel. The schedules didn't always match, so the people coming from or going to Pagosa were often caught between trains and needed a place to spend the night. This gave use a glimpse of the outside world, for some of the traveling people were dressed real fancy. We admired them as they walked up and down the street in the evenings. The little girls watching would say, 'This is our New York.' We were proud of the hotel. It had everything but an indoor toilet." "When it was time for us to go to school, Dad got a place right in town. Dad kept farming and was a good farmer. I can still picture him planning his work and keeping his accounts in a small tablet. He would look through it and say, 'I owe so-and-so two days of work;' or 'So-and-so owes me a lamb this spring.'" "I was so glad when I finished 6th grade. Thal was all the school I wanted, but I was sent to the boarding school at Santa Fe to continue my education. What a scary trip that was. I had ridden trains before, but never away from my parents and never so far away from home. A bunch of us were loaded on the train to Antonito where we spent the first night. I'm sure we all stuck out like sore thumbs, so curious and always saying, 'Look at this!' or 'Look at that!' The next day we got onto another train which took us south to Santa Fe." 6B �'J 'J 1 1 ' ' ' ') "Every summer I came home. The warm season was a busy time because we dried and canned and stored up all the food we needed for the winter, No one was lazy. No one seemed to mind hard work. They would get going and get it done. Every year we went camping to pick fruit and berries - so many kinds, l don't remember them all. Of course, there were chokecherries and the buffalo-berries. The river bottom near Sky Ute Downs used to be thick with buffalo-berries. We found that some of the bushes produced sweet, juicy berries while others nearby were sour. The location of those bushes was a family secret." '' ' ' "All of us liked dances. They were held outside in good weather. If it was cold or wet, Felix Gomez would let us use his barn. All of us got together to decorate it till it didn't even look like a barn. We saved all our bright paper for paper chains and other decorations, Young and old came with their lanterns. The old people were treated very respectfully, even if they didn't dance, for they were the good fiddle players. We went from one to another, asking them if they would play for us. When they got tired and went home, the dance was over." 1 ) } ) ) ") ) ) "On Saint Days there were horse races and foot races. I once won a length of cloth in a race. It was a welcome prize. People looked forward to the celebrations and the contests. As the time approached we engaged in much speculation. Rumors would fly around,' So-and-so has a real fast horse this year,' or 'so-and-so thinks he can beat last year's winner."' ) ) ) ) ) ) ) _) _) _j J _j _j ...) ..J _j ...) ..J ,J "My mother, Mary Pena, was recruited every year to help distribute per capita payments to the tribe. Dad would load the wagon and head for Arboles where we'd jump in the river and cool off and have lunch before going on. We always camped near the agency close to the present site of the Bear Dance Grounds for several days. Mother was chosen because she knew the names of all the tribal members. She rode a car with two armed guards from the BIA who kept between them a huge sack of silver money. None of the Indians wanted checks or paper money. They didn't trust it. Each tribal member was given a cup of silver money, large cups for adults, small ones for children. The money wasn't counted exact. It was merely dipped into the sack and poured into the men's hats. The beginnings of women's lib on the reservation may have started when one of the wives insisted that her cup of money be poured into her shawl instead of into her husband's hat." "One January while l was still in high school at Santa Fe, 1 received the message that my mother was dead. She had ridden the train to Ignacio, and the car she rode in was so overheated that she was sweaty hot when she got off. The walk in the cold winter wind from the depot up to the agency gave her fatal pneumonia." "When I finished high school, there was nothing to keep me in Pagosa Junction, so I came to Ignacio to stay with my aunt and uncle, Lucille and Frank Baker. I stayed with them until I married Graves Gunn. Graves and I had seven children: Harold, Aletha, Emery, Corrine, Sylvia, Janice, and Sandra. Harold and Emery are both dead now." "My father, Juan Pena, is still alive and very active at 94. Long life seems to be a tradition of his family. Juan's mother, Angelita Tapia, lived to be 108." ...) ,J J .J 69 �"When I look back to my childhood, I see that we were made happy with such simple things. Going to Ignacio on the train was a once a year treat. In August Dad would say, 'I think it's lime to go buy shoes and other things girls and boys need.' Thelma and I would get so excited just thinking about the trip." "Today the river has eaten away much of the land which used to belong to the town. Ziebriski's store had fallen down and most of the homesteads are deserted, but when I think of Pagosa Junction, I see it as it was 50 years ago. The school bell rings; the train moves into town; the hotel is busy. The canyon people are riding into town for Saturday shopping. (That's how we called them-the First Canyon people, or the Second Canyon people to indicate which canyon the lived in up or down the river.) I remember the town and the canyons full of life, homes and people. To see ii now, you'd think there had never been anyone there." Shelby Smith March, 1977 70 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Shelby Smith Interviews Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-NC/1.0/?language=en Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1973-1980 Subject The topic of the resource Ignacio; Southwest Colorado Description An account of the resource Collection of biographies, predominantly of residents from the Ignacio Senior Center, based on interviews conducted by Shelby Smith from approximately 1973 to 1980. The abridged interviews were originally published as individual entries in The Thoughtful Years newsletter, published by the Ignacio Senior Center, beginning in 1973. They were later published as a whole in Smith's book: Oral Histories of the Southern Pine River Valley, from which the original scans in this collection have been derived. Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smith, Shelby Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Genevieve Pena Gunn Biography Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1978-03 Description An account of the resource Biography of Genevieve Pena Gunn based on an interview conducted by Shelby Smith. Originally included in the March, 1978 issue of "The Thoughtful Years" newsletter published by the Ignacio Senior Center. Later included in the book "Oral Histories of the Southern Pine River Valley" by Shelby Smith. Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Ignacio, Colorado; Southwest Colorado Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gunn, Genevieve Pena Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3 pages Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/ Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smith, Shelby https://voicesofignacio.cvlcollections.org/files/original/d049294c69215f9970ac6115a19c254d.pdf 25f6f3552c5f11d93f65680fc04be86f PDF Text Text LOUISA (Shaffer) HARTIG Louisa's father was a Shaffer. Her mother was a Kinsloe whose line can be traced back to 1777. Lucy Kinsloe was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, in 1856. Her father, John Bannister Gibson Kinsloe was a newspaper publisher in Knoxville who later moved to Lockhaven, Pennsylvania, where he published the Lockhaven Review and the Clinton Republic. Al Carlisle College in Pennsylvania Lucy met Duncan Shaffer. When they were married, Lucy and Duncan moved to Frostburg, Maryland, where the Shaffer's had a well established business. Frostburg is a small town (smaller than Durango) located in the narrow segment of western Maryland between Pennsylvania and West Virginia. This is Allegheny Mountain Country rich in the history of the Revolution and of the Civil War. "Everyplace you go is either up or down," Louisa says. Since the mountains there are rich in bituminous coal, mining was the chief industry when Louisa's parents settled in Frostburg. The quality of the coal was such that it was prized by the shipping lines for their coal burning vessels. "The whole area is underlain with a network of mine tunnels," Louisa explains. "However, the town itself was clean and neat. All the mining works were located out away from the town. My father and his brothers jointly owned the H.B. Shaffer Co. They sold dry goods, groceries, harness, millinery and household supplies. The business also had an area for grain storage, a mill and a carriage house. I remember the time years later when the old Opera House burned, It was just across the street from our business and was such a hot fire. My dad and uncles poured water on the roof of our place until the danger had passed." "My parents owned one of the historic old houses in town. It had a large front porch with pillars and seven bedrooms, but no modern conveniences - no bath, electricity, or gas. However, we had one convenience few people can afford anymore - hired help. Enzie Garletz maintained the house. She cleaned, did washing and ironing and most of the cooking. Jim Wilhelm was the handyman. He maintained the yard, brought in fuel and supplies, did repairs and took care of the horses and the buggies. Aunty Powell was the midwife who helped bring me into the world. On occasions she took care of us when my parents were away. When my brothers Henry and Francis and I were still small children, we had a goat which could pull a little red cart with a red harness. Once in a while Jim would hitch up the goat and away we would go down the alleys. I don't believe we were ever allowed on the streets with this animal." "My parents were very strict and quite old fashioned. I was never allowed to go to carnivals or Saturday night dances. I was never allowed to work in the store. Young "ladies" didn't do things like that. Being a "lady" in that lime and in that part of the country involved a whole list of "does" and "don'ts" which might seem ridiculous to most people today. Of course, not knowing any different, I accepted all the restrictions as normal and had a very happy childhood. Dad eventually sold the old house. We moved for two reasons. One was to get off Main Street. The other was to acquire plumbing, electricity and gas. It was great to have these conveniences." 74 �'J 'J 'J 'J 'J J J J l ) ) ) ' ' ) ") ') ) ) "Every year we hitched up the horses for our annual picnic at Cook's Mill, a creek and woodsy area about 10 miles north of Frostburg across the Pennsylvania line. Cook's Mill was a beautiful stream. We ate, romped in the water, ran in the woods and played games. Even though it was only 10 miles, it was an all day trip. I always felt sorry for the horses in that country - up and down hill everywhere we went." "The 4th of July was a big deal, too. Dad would buy each of us 'a poke of fireworks' and turn us loose." "When the First World War started, I was about 12 years old. Once a week the ladies and girls in Frostburg got together to knit caps and coats for the Belgian Babies." "The crash in 1929 hit our family hard as it did everyone. We got fifteen cents on the dollar for whatever was in the bank. During the years following, Dad's brothers died one by one. Finally he sold out the business. The building was bought by the Knights of Columbus and used for their meetings until it burned down a few years ago." "In High School I started dating. My boyfriends and I went to the Nickelodeon shows at the Palace and the Lyric Theaters. Sometimes we went to the Vaudeville shows at the old Opera House. When the circus came, we had to go to Cumberland to see it. This was a trip of 11 miles and down hill all the way." ) ) ) ) ) ) ) _) .J __J __J ...) ...) _) ...) ..J ....) ...) J J J J ....) ....) Louisa and Martin Hartig were married in Baltimore in 1925. For years Martin was a foreman at the Frostburg Cellunise Corporation, which manufactured artificial silk. He changed jobs during the Second World War to the Blue Ribbon Bread Co. During the war the windows of the plant were all painted black and all the homes in town had blackout drapes. Whenever the air raid alarms went off at night everything was blacked out in town. Any household showing a light was fined. The ladies in town got involved in hospital work for the war effort. ''We made stretcher pads for the battlefront out of layers of lace curtains contributed by the families in the county - and we made maroon slippers and robes for the Red Cross." "Before and after the war Martin and I did a lot of traveling. We went to Quebec, Canada, once and to Williamsburg and other points south. Martin was a big football fan . Since our town was halfway between Washington and Pittsburgh, we took our pick on the weekends of which place to go." The Hartigs have one daughter, Lucy. In 1953 Lucy and her husband became parents of twin girls, Marta and Marsha. Their grandfather, Martin, was especially proud because the girls were born on his birthday, November 1oth. When the twins were a little over two years old, their parents moved to Alamogordo, New Mexico. After a few months went by, Martin said, "What do you think about moving to New Mexico?" Louisa replied, "If that's what you want to do, let's go." "We lived in Alamogordo 10 years and liked it. At first we especially enjoyed the warm climate year round, but gradually we began to miss the changing of the seasons. When the kids moved up to Colorado, we came too, and have liked it very much. The climate and snow and changing seasons are much more like our old home in Maryland. We did 75 �a lot of traveling in the west once we lived here - to Carlsbad and Mexico and Grand Canyon and Yellowstone - all good times." Martin died suddenly on June 4, 1971. A few months later Louisa sold their home in the country and moved into Ignacio. She is an active participant in all the senior citizen's activities in this area. Every Tuesday afternoon for the past 5 years she has taught knitting and crocheting at the senior center. There are things Louisa likes about the East and things she likes about the West and there certainly are differences, she says. "For one thing, here it's not who you are, it's what you've done that counts." March, 1977 - Shelby Smith 76 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Shelby Smith Interviews Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-NC/1.0/?language=en Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1973-1980 Subject The topic of the resource Ignacio; Southwest Colorado Description An account of the resource Collection of biographies, predominantly of residents from the Ignacio Senior Center, based on interviews conducted by Shelby Smith from approximately 1973 to 1980. The abridged interviews were originally published as individual entries in The Thoughtful Years newsletter, published by the Ignacio Senior Center, beginning in 1973. They were later published as a whole in Smith's book: Oral Histories of the Southern Pine River Valley, from which the original scans in this collection have been derived. Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smith, Shelby Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Louisa (Shaffer) Hartig Biography Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1977-03 Subject The topic of the resource Hartig, Louisa (Schaffer); Ignacio, Colorado; Southwest Colorado Description An account of the resource Biography of Louisa (Schaffer) Hartig based on an interview conducted by Shelby Smith. Originally included in the March, 1977 issue of "The Thoughtful Years" newsletter published by the Ignacio Senior Center. Later included in the book "Oral Histories of the Southern Pine River Valley" by Shelby Smith. Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Ignacio, Colorado; Southwest Colorado Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hartig, Louisa (Schaffer) Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3 pages Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/ Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smith, Shelby https://voicesofignacio.cvlcollections.org/files/original/1509d090adb1478898204ac56bad89a2.pdf 435c904f7bb26e3dcbfdc96a93f1b162 PDF Text Text 'l 'l 'l • • • 1 'I i i J ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) } ) _) ) ) ) ) ) _) _) ...J RUDOLPH JOHN & SUSIE (McClure) HASSTEDT "My first language was German," Mr. Hasstedt recalls. "My parents were both born in Germany and migrated to America when they were teenagers. My father, Jacob Hasstedt, came to New York alone when he was 17, got a job in a store and soon learned English well. He always had a noticeable accent, but he could speak in public, if necessary. My mother, Julie Henning, moved to Boone, Iowa, where one or her brothers had a bakery. Dad settled into that part of Iowa to farm. A few years after he and mother were married, Dad began to develop a serious asthma condition. His doctors recommended a move to western Kansas for a drier climate. When I was nine months old, my parents loaded me, my two older sisters, and my older brother into a covered wagon and headed west. They settled on a homestead near Buffalo Park - now called Park, Kansas. Our first home there was a dugout, very warm, but small. Dad built a sod stable for the farm animals. Each year we planted trees and made other improvements to qualify for ownership of the homestead. The climate was harsh. There were snow blizzards in winter and blistering hot winds in summer. I have passed green fields of corn in the morning and returned in the evening to hear the leaves rattling and dry after only one day of hot wind." After the Hasstedt's claim was clear, they were permitted to file on a timber claim near" the Saline River, 4 miles away. About this time, they bought a one room frame house to move onto their land. Even though it was small, it was an improvement over the dugout. The children climbed a ladder to sleep in the attic. The winter winds often sifted snow through the shingles, piling snow on their beds. "I started school at the age of 8. Since tax money was very scarce, school sessions lasted at the most 6 months and sometimes only 4 months. There were no grades. Pupils read in the First Reader, the Second Reader, etc. Each year every student, no matter how old, started with the First Reader, reading through the familiar material, book after book, for a review until they reached a difficult level. At that time the teacher would assist them to learn the new words. My help was needed on the farm each fall. Instead of starting to school in September, it was usually Thanksgiving before I could go. I began plowing with a walking plow when I was 12. We used a breaking plow to cut the tightly knit sod to open new land. Then we used a stirring plow to break up and tum the soil. Following the plow is weary work. I caught myself sleepwalking many times, awakening only when the plow had hit a rock. By attending school only part time, I was 21 years old before I finished 8th grade." ....) "There was little for young people to enjoy in those days. Sometimes had parties, or school activities or church activities. The first minister in that part of Kansas was a Congregationalist preacher. I joined that church when I was 12. From the time I was a small child, I liked to listen to the preachers speak and wished I could do that. This desire stayed with me. In my early 20's I decided to enroll in the Moody Bible Institute in Chicago to learn more about the Bible. I rode the train to Chicago and was amazed at the city. The lamplighters going on their evening rounds, the elevated railways, everything was new to me. I attended the institute for 6 months and was still undecided about preaching when I returned home. Soon after, some of the people told the minister, 'Let Rudolph preach.' It took me 2 weeks to write a sermon. When the day came, I was quite nervous, but it went over well. The people liked it and most important I found out I could do it and enjoyed doing it. Soon afterward I enrolled in a Congregational Church Academy at Eureka, Kansas. There I went to school and preached for 2 country churches." .,.) 77 _) ...J __) __) ..) ..) __) .,.) __) J ,..) �In 1907 Susie Frances McClure and I were married. After finishing at the academy, we moved to Topeka where I attended Washburn College." "Later, Susie and I decided to move to Kiowa County in Colorado. We homesteaded land near Eads. A Presbyterian minister came to preach at Eads once a month from La Junta. When the people found out I could preach they let me speak for them and soon gave me his job. I soon was traveling to two country churches to preach part time. With a horse and buggy it required a lot of time going back and forth. My first Model T expanded my range considerably. They soon had me going to Chivington and Brandon, also. To most common people the Model Twas the most important invention of that time. It would travel in all kinds of weather. Rain or snow all you had to do was button down side curtains, put your nose against the windshield and go. Once while I was taking an elderly man to the doctor in Colorado Springs, I remarked to him, 'I don't see why anybody would want anything any better than this.' II was a cold miserable day. The side curtains were flapping in the wind and we were wrapped in blankets. Uncomfortable as people would be today, we thought it was wonderful to make such speed." "In 1918 we moved to Florida Mesa to work with the Presbyterian congregations there and at Bayfield. Our trip across the mountains was an experience to remember. Wolf Creek Pass was little more than a trail. We stayed 3 years, living in the manse on Florida Mesa before moving on to Monument. I was out of the ministry for one year. Then I was assigned lo the Monument church for 13 years." "In 1937 I was again assigned to the San Juan Larger parish which included Florida Mesa, Bayfield, Ignacio and Allison. I stayed with this assignment until I retired in 1949. In the later years the roads improved, but in the early years it was a real challenge to make the rounds. Al one time I had a Model T, a buggy, a sled and a saddle. All were needed at one time or another." The Hasstedts had three children. Julia now lives in Castle Rock. Cecil and Dorothy are both in Bayfield. Susie Hasstedt died in December of 1965. Mr. Hasstedt is now 99. He has this bit of advice, 'Old age is not all fun. Put it off as long as possible.' Of course this is said in fun. Mr. Hasstedt is in good health. His hearing is good. He has a good appetite and he feels good. Best of all, his mind is sharp and full of good humor. One thing he regrets is the gradual losing of his eyesight. he has given away all his books. "I can't read any more. Fortunately, I have memorized a good deal of scripture, but I have forgotten a lot of it, too. They usually let me preach on the Sunday nearest to my birthday. I don't like to talk about hell and damnation. My favorite subject of them all is God and his plan of salvation for all men." Mr. Hasstedt now lives in Bayfield with his son, Cecil, and his daughter in law, Doris. We wish lo thank him for all the years he has been a help and an encouragement to his fellowman and wish him many more years of good health. August, 1978 - Shelby Smith 78 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Shelby Smith Interviews Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-NC/1.0/?language=en Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1973-1980 Subject The topic of the resource Ignacio; Southwest Colorado Description An account of the resource Collection of biographies, predominantly of residents from the Ignacio Senior Center, based on interviews conducted by Shelby Smith from approximately 1973 to 1980. The abridged interviews were originally published as individual entries in The Thoughtful Years newsletter, published by the Ignacio Senior Center, beginning in 1973. They were later published as a whole in Smith's book: Oral Histories of the Southern Pine River Valley, from which the original scans in this collection have been derived. Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smith, Shelby Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Rudolph John Hasstedt and Susie (McClure) Hasstedt Biography Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1978-08 Subject The topic of the resource Hasstedt, Rudolph John; Hasstedt, Susie (McClure); Ignacio, Colorado; Southwest Colorado Description An account of the resource Biography of Rudolph John Hasstedt and Susie (McClure) Hasstedt based on an interview conducted by Shelby Smith. Originally included in the August, 1978 issue of "The Thoughtful Years" newsletter published by the Ignacio Senior Center. Later included in the book "Oral Histories of the Southern Pine River Valley" by Shelby Smith. Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Ignacio, Colorado; Southwest Colorado Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hasstedt, Rudolph John; Hasstedt, Susie (McClure) Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2 pages Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/ Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smith, Shelby https://voicesofignacio.cvlcollections.org/files/original/7d6522d0dc6b70aa58227a6d0fe219ff.pdf fbe703a5781e8693f66b22735126265a PDF Text Text KARL and EDA (Kreuger/Olbert) HAUERT Not far from the Black Forest in the south part of Germany is the town of Baden-Baden. Andrew Hauert and his family were the latest in a long line of Hauerts who had lived and reared their families there. All the 'common people in Germany had a craft. Andrew was a weaver. He earned extra money working on the farm of a large land owner. Owning his own land was unthinkable as it was for most of the common people in Europe. ' ) l ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) J ) ,...) 'J J ...) ,...) J .._) J J J J J -..) .._) When Andrew got the idea to come to America, his brothers did not approve at all, but Andrew persisted for several reasons. Among them, he wanted to own land and he wanted to get himself and his family away from the military. All the young men in Germany were drafted, went through rigorous training and were required to stay in the army a long time. In 1893 Andrew, his wife Lizzie and their children sailed for America. His brothers were certain it was a foolish venture and that Andrew would want to return, but they were wrong. Andrew didn't stop until he reached Prove, Utah. There he worked for a while until he heard about a settlement of German people in Thompson Park between Durango and Mancos, Colorado. After moving his family to Colorado, Andrew worked in the sawmill, then he leased a ranch below Hesperus. He had $7.25 to start ranching, but he managed. It was here that little Karl, who was only 2 years old when the Hauerts came to America, began to learn farming and ranching. When Karl was 6, his parents boarded him with the Olberts at Thompson Park so he could attend school there. Fairly often the Utes, visiting back and forth between Ute Mountain and Ignacio, stopped for the night at the Olbert's ranch. Chief Ignacio was with them sometimes. "Usually, the Indians would have supper with us," Karl recalls, "and visit for a while. Once old Mr. Dibert decided to play a trick on one of the Indians. He placed a small piece of limburger cheese on his plate. As soon as the man smelled the cheese, he left the house and refused to return." A few years later Andrew bought a farm on C herry Creek in Thompson Park. Kart remembers, "That year we didn't have much money. So we skinned and ate 7 deer. There wasn't any season then. I got so tired of deer meat that year. I have never liked it again." As time permitted, the Hauerts built a large farmhouse, a barn and other outbuildings. Their water was supplied by a spring which was piped into the house. For heat the Hauerts mined their own coal. "We had to dig quite a ways back into the seam before we found good coal, but finally we found some of the best in the area." Karl and his father built a large, very strong corral. Unexpectedly, this made him some new friends and gave him a small bit of income once or twice a year. "A bunch of cowboys would round up wild horses in Utah and the Four Corners area and drive them to Denver to sell. They always stopped at my father's ranch overnight because his corral was the only one large enough and strong enough to hold the animals. They always left the best two horses for my dad. He would break them to ride and sell them to the Indians for $5.00 or $10.00 each." 79 �Karl and Minnie Melugin were married. They had three children: Ruth, Robert and Shirley all of whom were reared on the ranch on Cherry Creek. Until 1905 there was no church in Thompson Park. That year Julius Frese, an ordained minister of the Lutheran Church from Omaha moved there lo organize a church. Eventually, a chapel was built to serve the people of that area. One year the Olberts of Thompson Park sent their son Louis to accompany a load of cattle to the stockyards in Omaha. Louis was invited to stay as a guest in the home of the Rev. Mr. Julius Frese's parents, the family of the Rev. E.J. Frese. It was on this occasion Louis met 19 year old Eda Krueger, the adopted daughter of the Frees family. Louis and Eda were immediately interested in one another. "How could I not be interested in a handsome cowboy from Colorado," Eda remarks. How Eda Krueger came to be adopted into the Frese family is a very interesting and often sad story. The Kruegers also migrated to America from Germany. Eda's father, William had money enough for one person's passage. He came alone to Iowa where he worked on the farms until he could bring his wife and two children, Martha and Franz to America. They farmed the rich Iowa land directly across the Missouri River from Omaha. They attended church in Omaha where E.J. Frese was the pastor. The children went to school at the Lutheran parochial school. Two more children were born, William and Eda. When Eda was 6 months old, her mother Augusta died. In 1903 Mr. Krueger heard about available land in Oklahoma. He decided he wanted a change of scene and a new life there. In April he moved his family to a farm near Minco, Oklahoma, about 50 miles SW of Oklahoma City. He was just getting started in developing the place when he died suddenly in August of the same year. Martha was adopted by a banking family in Minco. Franz was old enough to be somewhat on his own. The Frese family in Omaha asked for Eda. She rode the train all alone back to Omaha. "They were a fine family,'' Eda says. "They kept me for 10 years and treated me just wonderful." When 15 year old William, came back to Omaha, he lived in the YMCA, worked in a grocery store and put himself through business school. His hard work and perseverance paid off. William got a good job in one of the Omaha banks. During all those years in Omaha, Eda did his laundry and kept in close touch with him. Eda and Louis Olbert corresponded for 2 years before they decided to get married. Louis did not really oppose her choice of a husband, but did not understand why she wanted to marry and live so far away in such wild country. Eda wanted a home, a place of her own, but on the train ride to Colorado, she could not help wondering just how primitive life might be in La Plata County. It was 1913 when the train with Louis and Eda puffed into Durango. "When I saw the streetcar on Main Street, I was greatly relieved. I decided if Durango had streetcars, it could not be too wild a place." "Thompson Park, of course, had no street cars, but I had no complaints about my life there. We stayed with the old Phillip Olberts until we could build a place of our own. They were always very kind to me. In the spring we started a house of our own. It wasn't Omaha. For a long time we hauled water from Cherry Creek for household use, 80 �'1 '1 '} .,..,, '1 ) ) ) ) ) l J ) ) ) but eventually Louis built a 700 barrel cistern up the hill from our house. It was a pit lined with stone and mortar and coated wit plaster. When the water was piped down to the house the whole family knew I was so excited. They all said they were going to come and watch me take my first bath." Louis and Eda had one son, Alfred. "He spoke beautiful German," Ida recalls, "but that just about had to come to an end during World War I." The war years were very hard on German immigrants. All teaching of German language in schools came to a stop. Books were burned. Some people badly over-reacted toward German-Americans and heaped verbal abuse on who exhibited a German accent or German heritage. (The final page of Karl & Eda's story is missing. I remember, though, that Louis O/bert died and later Eda marn"ed Karl Hauert. They were living in a very large, nice home on the hill west of Ignacio when I interviewed them in October of 1975. I spoke German with them, using the little I retained from a college class taken in 1956. We had many laughs over my ineptness, but they appreciated my attempts.) -) SHELBY SMITH -- October, 1975 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) _) J __) J J ..) ..) .) ...) ..) ._) ...) ... ) J ..J J J J 81 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Shelby Smith Interviews Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-NC/1.0/?language=en Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1973-1980 Subject The topic of the resource Ignacio; Southwest Colorado Description An account of the resource Collection of biographies, predominantly of residents from the Ignacio Senior Center, based on interviews conducted by Shelby Smith from approximately 1973 to 1980. The abridged interviews were originally published as individual entries in The Thoughtful Years newsletter, published by the Ignacio Senior Center, beginning in 1973. They were later published as a whole in Smith's book: Oral Histories of the Southern Pine River Valley, from which the original scans in this collection have been derived. Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smith, Shelby Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Karl Hauert and Eda (Kreuger/Olbert) Hauert Biography Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1975-10 Subject The topic of the resource Hauert, Karl; Hauert, Eda (Kreuger/Olbert); Ignacio, Colorado; Southwest Colorado Description An account of the resource Biography of Karl Hauert and Eda (Kreuger/Olbert) Hauert based on an interview conducted by Shelby Smith. Originally included in the November, 1975 issue of "The Thoughtful Years" newsletter published by the Ignacio Senior Center. Later included in the book "Oral Histories of the Southern Pine River Valley" by Shelby Smith. Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Ignacio, Colorado; Southwest Colorado Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hauert, Karl; Hauert, Eda (Kreuger/Olbert) Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3 pages Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/ Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smith, Shelby https://voicesofignacio.cvlcollections.org/files/original/de38c56b0ce2fd992c71bdb85c3b8edd.pdf 494524474a22964d0d81ae9a78dbce81 PDF Text Text MARTIN HAYES Lilly Fish Hayes gave birth to her 5th child July 30, 1896, near La Boca, Colorado. Her band, the Capote Band was encamped on a hill above the Pine River for the summer. Martin was born in a tepee like countless other Lites back through the generations. Lilly and her children had little conception of the great changes about to affect their tribe. Not much longer would the LIies hunt the deer and the rabbits for their food. Not much longer would they have skill with bows and arrows. Not much longer would they weave their own fish seines from strips of oak fibers. Martin learned these skills as a boy. As he became a man, he learned farming skills also. When he got his own land, he raised wheat and oats, potatoes and corn and the other necessary vegetables for the table. Martin remembers the many ceremonials and dances and the horse racing and gambling which entertained the tribe in the old days. His own tastes were more for quiet things. Martin liked to fish. He especially liked to ride his horse into the middle of the Pine River and fish from horseback. All of Martin's brothers and his sister are dead now. He never married, but he raised his nephew, Erdman Tobias, from the lime he was a child. Erdman still lives with Martin and they are very close. Though life has changed greatly for his tribe, Martin continues to lead a very simple existence. He has never driven a car and states, "I'd never make it home, if I tried." He has never traveled far from the Pine Valley except for one trip to Utah. When asked whether he would like to have the old days back, Martin says, "I'm enjoying myself. I like the new things that are coming about." April, 1977 -- Shelby Smith, translated by Isabel Kent 82 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Shelby Smith Interviews Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-NC/1.0/?language=en Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1973-1980 Subject The topic of the resource Ignacio; Southwest Colorado Description An account of the resource Collection of biographies, predominantly of residents from the Ignacio Senior Center, based on interviews conducted by Shelby Smith from approximately 1973 to 1980. The abridged interviews were originally published as individual entries in The Thoughtful Years newsletter, published by the Ignacio Senior Center, beginning in 1973. They were later published as a whole in Smith's book: Oral Histories of the Southern Pine River Valley, from which the original scans in this collection have been derived. Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smith, Shelby Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Martin Hayes Biography Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1977-04 Subject The topic of the resource Hayes, Martin; Ignacio, Colorado; Southwest Colorado Description An account of the resource Biography of Martin Hayes based on an interview conducted by Shelby Smith. Originally included in the April, 1977 issue of "The Thoughtful Years" newsletter published by the Ignacio Senior Center. Later included in the book "Oral Histories of the Southern Pine River Valley" by Shelby Smith. Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Ignacio, Colorado; Southwest Colorado Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hayes, Martin Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1 page Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/ Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smith, Shelby; Kent, Isabel